Sabru Motors Nigeria Limited Vs Rajab Enterprises Nigeria Limited (2002)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
O. OGWUEGBU, J.S.C.
The appellant was the defendant in Suit No. ADSY125/93 instituted by the respondent as plaintiff in the High Court of Adamawa State, Yola Judicial Division. The defendant was an accredited distributor of the Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (ANAMCO for short). The parties entered into a contract for the sale of two Mercedes Benz Trucks Model L.911/48C by the defendant to the plaintiff at a unit cost of N846,000.00. The plaintiff paid a total of N1,692,519.40 for the two vehicles with a bank draft. When the defendant failed to deliver the vehicles, the plaintiff commenced proceedings leading to this appeal. Pleadings were ordered, filed and exchanged. In paragraph 12 of its amended statement of claim the plaintiff averred as follows:
- Whereof the plaintiff claims against the defendant:
(a) The sum of one million six hundred and ninety two thousand, five hundred and nineteen naira, forty kobo being the money originally paid to the defendant for the delivery of the two Mercedes L.911/48C Trucks and the additional sum of four million, three hundred and seven thousand naira which the plaintiff will have to add to the sum originally paid to the defendant if the plaintiff were to buy the two trucks in the open market.
(b) In the alternative to (a) above an order of this Hon. Court to compel the defendant to deliver to the plaintiff two new Mercedes Trucks L.911/48C model. An order of this Hon. Court compelling the defendant to pay interest on the sum of N1,692,519.00 at current bank rate to the plaintiff from the month of March, 1993 until judgment is delivered.”
The plaintiff’s case as disclosed in the pleadings and from the evidence is that in February 1993, it placed an order with the defendant for the purchase of two Mercedes Benz trucks Model L.911/48C at a unit price of N846,259.20 totalling N1 ,692,5 17.40 excluding 1% commission payable on delivery of the goods. The plaintiff duly paid for the two trucks and the money was remitted to ANAMCO. Subsequently, the defendant by a letter dated 31st March, 1993 (exhibit “R.S.1”) informed the plaintiff that the prices of the vehicles had been reviewed upwards to N1,500,000.00 per truck and requested the plaintiff to remit an additional sum to make up the increased price. As a matter of fact, the defendant had on 13th April, 1993 collected the two trucks from ANAMCO at the old rate as evidenced by invoice No. 9390 (exhibit “R.S.3”) and instead of delivering them to the plaintiff, the defendant sold them to a third party, Leventis, on the pre that the plaintiff did not pay the additional sum requested by the defendant. It was part of the plaintiff’s case that the money which he paid for the trucks was raised from his bankers and he was charged interest at the rate of 35% from 1993 to 1994 and 21% thereafter and that the price of the trucks had gone up to N3,000,000.00 per truck. The defendant’s case was that the price of the trucks in question as at 1st February, 1993 was N2,039,180.00 at the rate of N1,019,590 each and that the plaintiff paid N1,692,519.40 which was not up to the total cost of the trucks. It was further averred that the price list of ANAMCO (exhibit “RS4”) was subsequently reviewed upwards to N3,000,000 less 8.5% for the two trucks and that as a result, a letter dated 5th May, 1993 (exhibit “RSS”) was addressed to the plaintiff to pay an additional sum of N1,052,480.60 to cover the full costs of the two vehicles or elect to pay for one truck only and be refunded the balance of N320,019.40k of the money it had already paid. As the defendant did not hear from the plaintiff, it forwarded a draft (exhibit 7A) to the plaintiff with a letter dated 26th June, 1993.
This was in refund of the money paid by the plaintiff and that the plaintiff refused to accept the refund. The defendant admitted taking delivery of the vehicles from ANAMCO on 13th April, 1993 and sold them to other customers. At the conclusion of hearing, the learned trial Judge evaluated the evidence. He found for the plaintiff as follows:
(a) N1,692,519.40 being the price which plaintiff paid to the defendant for the two vehicles and
(b) N300,000.00 as damages. Items (a) and (b) totalled N1,992,519.40 with interest on N1,692,519.40 at 5% simple interest from 1st March, 1993 to 31st March, 1995 and interest on the total judgment debt from 20/4/95, the date of judgment with interest. He entered judgment for the plaintiff accordingly.The learned trial Judge found as a fact that the purchase price agreed by both parties was N846,259.70 and that the plaintiff paid N 1,692,519.40 representing the price of the two trucks. He also found that the defendant took delivery of the two trucks from ANAMCO on 13/4/93 and that its failure to deliver them to the plaintiff that day or the day after was wrongful.
Dealing with the alternative claim for specific performance, he referred to section 52 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893 and held that as the trucks in question were not “specific or ascertained,” the plaintiff was not entitled to specific performance. As to the claim for damages, the learned trial Judge referred to section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893 and held that the plaintiff is entitled to the sum of N1,692,519.40 which it paid and that it failed to prove its actual loss at the time the defendant defaulted in delivering the vehicles. He nevertheless awarded N300,000.00 as damages. The plaintiff was not satisfied with the judgment and it appealed to the Court of Appeal, Jos Division. Its complaints were that the learned trial Judge refused to make an order of specific performance and also the inadequacy of damages awarded. The court below dismissed the appeal on specific performance and allowed that on damages holding that the learned trial judge ought to have awarded the plaintiff the sum of N1,307,480.60 being the difference between the contract price of the two trucks (N1,692.519.40) and their market or current price of N3,000,000.00 as at 13/4/93 when the defendant defaulted in delivering them to the plaintiff. Dissatisfied with the judgment of the court below, the defendant appealed to this court. It filed three grounds of appeal and obtained the leave of this court to file and argue grounds of fact and mixed law and fact. The only issue formulated by the defendant from the three grounds of appeal as arising for determination is whether the court below was right after finding the plaintiff’s evidence on damages inconsistent and/or contradictory, to have reviewed the same damages of N1,992,519.40 awarded by the trial court to N3,000,000.00 by placing reliance on the pleadings of the parties. The learned counsel for the defendant in his brief of argument submitted that for a party to obtain relief on special damages, such relief must specifically be pleaded and proved. He referred the court to paragraphs 6 and 11 of the amended statement of claim filed by the plaintiff and argued that the defendant specifically denied them in its statement of defence. He specifically mentioned paragraph 10 of the statement of defence and that on a complete reading of the statement of defence, it cannot be said that the defendant admitted that the plaintiff is entitled to the damages claimed. It was further submitted that in paragraph 11 of the amended statement of claim the plaintiff claimed six million naira as current price of 2 Mercedes Trucks due for delivery to it, that this paragraph was clearly denied in paragraphs 3 and 15 of the statement of defence and that the denial put the plaintiff to strict proof of the damages claimed. The court was also referred to section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893. It was also submitted that the plaintiff did not plead the price of the trucks at the time of the refusal to deliver. It was contended that even if the pleadings were held to avail the plaintiff, it was wrong for the court below to have reviewed the damages awarded for the sole reason that there was an admission on the pleadings and that the court was also in error to have considered paragraph 10 of the statement of defence in isolation and without regard to paragraphs 2 and 15 thereof. The case of Titiloye v. Olupo (1991) 7 NWLR (Pt.205) 519, (1991) 9-10 SCNJ 122 at 124 and 125 was cited in support of counsel’s contention. It was further contended that the plaintiff called two witnesses in proof of damages and that the court below rightly found their evidence to be “conflicting”, “contradictory” and “contrary to pleadings”, that P.W.1 and P.W.2 gave inconsistent evidence of the current price of the trucks and that the same court should not have proceeded to find an admission in exhibit “RSI” which was tendered through the plaintiff and which exhibit gave the price as N1,500,000.00 per vehicle, an amount which the same court found to be in conflict with the evidence. It was finally submitted that the case of the plaintiff at the trial by its amended statement of claim was for N6,000,000.00 as cost of the trucks at the time of trial, that it is trite that a party is not permitted to change his case on appeal faced with the consequences of inconsistent, unreliable and contradictory evidence it called and to change its entire case relying on an admission which was never its case. We were referred to the case of Imana v. Robinson (1979) NSSC I at II on what strict proof entails. The court was urged to hold that given the findings of the court below on the evidence led by the plaintiff and the position held by the defendant in its pleadings, the Court below was in error to have increased the damages awarded by the trial court and that the appeal should be allowed.
The learned counsel for the plaintiff adopted the sole issue identified by the defendant in its brief. It was his contention that counsel for the defendant in the brief laid unnecessary emphasis on the observation of the court below with regards to the evidence of the plaintiff’s witnesses on the exact amount of damages the plaintiff was entitled and overlooked the reasons given by that said court in arriving at its decision to interfere with the award made by the trial court. He referred the court to paragraph 12(a) of the amended statement of claim containing the substance of the plaintiff’s claim in relation to damages and that it was the purchase price of the two vehicles which it had earlier paid to the defendant plus the amount it was entitled to if it were to purchase them in open market at the time the defendant defaulted in delivering them. It was further submitted that the trial Judge having found that the plaintiff paid the defendant the full purchase price of the two vehicles, he failed to deliver and was therefore in breach of the contract that the only issue left to be decided by him was the amount of damages which the plaintiff was entitled and that the answer is provided in section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893. It was also argued that proof of price of the two vehicles at the time the vehicles ought to have been delivered became a question of law based on proved or admitted facts. It was pointed out in the plaintiff’s brief that special damages were mentioned in paragraph 1 of its amended statement of claim and that the actual and material relief claimed by the plaintiff against the defendant is contained in paragraph 12(a) which superceded the averment in paragraph 11.
It was further submitted that paragraph 10 of the statement of defence read together with exhibit “RS 1” (a letter written to the plaintiff by the defendant showing that the price of each vehicle had risen to one million, five hundred naira) supplied the evidence and provided the basis for calculating the actual sum due to the plaintiff within the provisions of section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act and that this was the error which the court below corrected when it awarded the sum of N1,307,480.60 which the plaintiff needed to make up the N3,000,000.00 to purchase the two vehicles in open market at the date of expected delivery. The court was urged to dismiss the appeal and to hold that the court below had done substantial justice without relying on the niceties and technicalities which would have had the effect of defeating justice. The issue canvassed in this appeal concerns the adequacy of damages awarded to the plaintiff by the learned trial Judge which was reviewed upwards by the court below when the plaintiff’s evidence in proof of its claim for damages is said to be inconsistent with its pleadings. Reliance was placed by both parties on various paragraphs of their pleadings as well as section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1893, an English Statute which is of general application. The courts below also considered the pleadings as well as section 51(3) of the Act in relation to the plaintiff’s claim for damages for non-delivery. Section 51 of the Sale of Goods Act provides:
“51(1) Where the seller wrongfully neglects or refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer, the buyer may maintain an action against the seller for damages for non-delivery.
(2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the seller’s breach of contract.
(3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question the measure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the difference between the contract price and the market or current price of the goods at the time or times when they ought to have been delivered, or, if no time was fixed, then at the time of the refusal to deliver.” I will now consider paragraphs 6, 11 and 12(a) of the amended statement of claim and paragraphs 3, 10 and 15 of the statement of defence.
AMENDED STATEMENT OF CLAIM:
Paragraphs: 6. The defendant in an attempt to defraud the plaintiff and make secret gains for itself wrote series of letters to the plaintiff informing the plaintiff that the Manufacturing Company (ANAMCO LTD.) had increased the price of the vehicles to one and half million naira per vehicle even after the defendant had taken delivery of the vehicles at the old price of N846,259. 70k each and requested the plaintiff to pay additional sum of money to make up three million naira if the plaintiff desired to have the vehicles delivered to her. The plaintiff will rely on all the defendants letters in this regard at the hearing of this suit. ”
- The plaintiff avers that it will now require SIX MILLION NAIRA at the current market value, to purchase the Mercedes Trucks in question, in the open market which the plaintiff now claims as special damages against the defendant.
12(a) WHEREOF THE plaintiff claims against the defendant
(a) The sum of One Million Six Hundred And Ninety Two Thousand, Five Hundred and Nineteen Naira, Forty Kobo being the money originally paid by the plaintiff to the defendant for the delivery of the two Mercedes L.911/48C Trucks and the additional sum of Four Million, Three Hundred And Seven Thousand Naira which the plaintiff will have to add to the sum originally paid to the defendant if the plaintiff were to buy the two trucks in the open market.” (the italics is for emphasis).
STATEMENT OF DEFENCE:
Paragraphs:
- The defendant specifically denies paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9,10 and 11 of the plaintiff’s statement of claim and contend that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief sought.
- In reaction to paragraph 6 of the plaintiff’s claim, the defendant avers that in line with the condition in the provisional price list issued by the Manufacturers, the price List of Anamco was reviewed and the cost of Mercedes Trucks L.911/48C was communicated to the plaintiff by defendant. Reliance shall be placed on Anamco’s letter of 31-3-93 and revised price list of 25-3-93 to plaintiff. (Plaintiff is given notice to produce the original at the trial). ‘”
- Defendant specifically deny paragraph 11 of plaintiff’s claim.” (Italics is for emphasis).” An appeal is a rehearing by the appellate court with regard to all the questions involved in the action, including the question of what damages ought to be awarded. See section 16 of the Court of Appeal Act and section 22 of the Supreme Court Act. The court can therefore substitute its own assessment if it decides to interfere at all with the Judge’s award. See Flint v. Lovell (1935) IKB 354 and Davies v. Powell Collieries Ltd. (1942) AC 601. But an appellate court will not be inclined to reverse the finding of a trial Judge as to the amount of damages merely because it thinks that if it had heard the case in the first instance, it would have given a lesser sum. In order to justify a reversal of the award made by a trial court, an appellate court should be satisfied whether on the ground of excess or insufficiency that the Judge has acted on a wrong principle of law and that he has made an entirely erroneous estimate of the damages.
The court below indeed found that the evidence of PW.1 is in conflict in itself and also in conflict with paragraph 11 of the amended statement of claim. The contention of the plaintiff is that it is at least entitled to N3,000,000.00 inclusive of the contract price of the two vehicles relying on section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act and exhibits “RS1” and “RS3”. The court below after considering the evidence and the relevant section of the Sale of Goods Act set aside the award of N1,992,519.40 as damages to the plaintiff and in its place, substituted the sum of N3,000,000.00. It held as follows: “It is crystal clear that the defendant, as per its letter dated 31/3/93 EX.RSI admitted that the unit price of the trucks in question had been increased to N1,500,000.00. No further evidence is required to prove same. There being no evidence of any further increase that price is deemed to be the market price as at 13/4/93 when the defendant defaulted in delivering the two trucks. At the close of pleadings there was no issue requiring resolution with respect to the price of the vehicles in question as at 13/4/93. I therefore agree with the learned counsel to the plaintiff that the learned trial Judge ought to have awarded to the plaintiff the sum of N1,307.480.60 being the difference between the contract price of the two trucks (Nl,692,519.40.) and their market or current price of N3,000.000.00 as at 13/4/93”
The learned trial Judge reviewed the evidence of the plaintiff as to the market or current price of the two vehicles and came to the following conclusion: “This piece of evidence is also not useful. So I am left with Ex. RS1. Where does the writer of Ex. RSI get his information that the price list has gone up to N1,5000,000.00: No new price list was referred to. But the difference has been worked out as N960,820.00 that being the market or current price (sic) at the time the defendant refused to deliver viz 13/4/93 or thereabout. In this case the plaintiff has not proved his actual loss and she is subject to all the rules on damages and the doctrine of mitigation.”
The learned trial Judge cannot query the source of the information contained in exhibit “RS1” when the plaintiff pleaded it in paragraph 6 of its amended statement of claim and the defendant admitted forwarding the said exhibit “RS1” to the plaintiff in paragraph 10 of its statement of defence. The defendant went further to give the plaintiff notice to produce the original at the trial. The reason given by the learned trial Judge for not awarding damages based on the market price (exhibit R.S1 under the provisions of section 51(3)) is not that plaintiff’s evidence is inconsistent with its pleadings. His reason was that exhibit “RS1” is of doubtful origin. He therefore concluded that plaintiff did not prove actual loss. This reason is untenable and was based on a wrong principle of law. As there was no finding by the learned trial Judge on the inconsistency of plaintiff’s evidence with its pleadings, that issue does not arise in this appeal.
Exhibit “RS1” was written by the Commercial Manager of the defendant on 31/3/93 and the two trucks were delivered to the defendant by ANAMCO on 13/4/93. The said exhibit “RS1” reads:
“31st March, 1993.
Alhaja Jibrilla Mubi,
Rajab Enterprises (Nig.) Ltd.
Nepa Road, Jimeta – Yola.
Dear Sir,
RE: PURCHASE OF L.911/48C
We write to inform you that we have received a letter from ANAMCO LTD. informing us that the L911/4f, which we made deposit for, will be ready for collection by the end of March, 1993. You have made a deposit of 20% down payment for 2 No. L911/48C at the rate of N1,019,590.00 to us. We are asking you to pay the remaining balance of 80%. But we have received a letter from ANAMCO dated 27/3/93 that the prices of vehicles have changed.
Now the vehicle that you made deposit for has increased to N1,500, 000. 00 (One million, five hundred thousand naira only).The difference now is N480,410.00 (four hundred and eighty thousand, four hundred and ten naira only) for the two vehicles ordered, you should therefore pay additional sum of N960,820.00 (Nine hundred and sixty thousand, eight hundred and twenty naira only) drawn in favour of ANAMCO LTD. We therefore look forward to receiving your full payment of N2,388,246.00 (two million, three hundred and eighty eight thousand, two hundred and forty six naira only) on or before the said date .
Yours faithfully,
Sabru Motors (Nig) Ltd.
Sgd.
Manager (Commercial)”
(Italics is for emphasis)
Exhibit “RS 1” as mentioned earlier is the delivery note dated 13/4/93 showing that the two vehicles were delivered to the defendant on 13/4/93 at the price of N846,259.70 each. The courts below found as a fact that the plaintiff paid fully for the two vehicles, that they were delivered to the defendant on 13/4/93, that the defendant refused to deliver them to the plaintiff, sold them to a third party and was therefore in breach of their agreement. By the provision of section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act which I have reproduced in this judgment and there being an available market for the type of vehicles in question at the time of breach, the measure of damages is therefore to be determined by the difference between the contract price and the market or current price at the time when the vehicles ought to have been delivered, or, if no time was fixed, then at the time of the refusal to deliver. The learned trial Judge found that the vehicles having been collected on 13/4/93, the defendant ought to have delivered them on that day or the next day. There was no appeal against that finding. The court below applied the provision of section 51(3) to the facts as established by the pleadings and awarded N3,000,000.00 to the plaintiff as damages less the contract price which the plaintiff had already paid to the defendant.
The narrow issue is the way and manner the current or market price was arrived at. The court below found that by the letter dated 31/3/93 (exhibit “RS I”) the defendant admitted that the unit price of the trucks in question had been increased to N1,500,000, that the plaintiff pleaded the exhibit “RSI” in paragraph 6 of its amended statement of claim, that the defendant in paragraph 10 of its statement of defence admitted paragraph 6 and that further evidence was not required to prove that fact. If that was the only issue at the trial, the plaintiff would not have offered any evidence on it because at the close of pleadings, there was no issue requiring resolution in respect of the price of the vehicles as at 13/4/93. See section 75 of the Evidence Act Cap 112 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 which provides that: “No fact need be proved in any civil proceedings which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule or pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings: Provided…” The proviso is not applicable. That admission supplied the market or current price of the vehicles in the absence of any other price list. At the close of pleadings, issue was joined on the primary question of liability which the courts below resolved against the defendant. With the resolution of that issue and the admission by defendant of the market or current price, the quantum of damages is as prescribed by section 51(3) of the Sales of Goods Act. The unit price of the type of vehicle in question at the time of non-delivery is a plain and an acknowledged fact as disclosed in exhibit “RS1” and the defendant in paragraph 10 of its statement of defence frankly admitted it. It is trite law that what is expressly admitted in a pleading requires no further proof. The court below was therefore entitled to ignore whatever evidence was led as to the price of the vehicles at the time of default because section 51(3) of the Act has fixed the amount of damages recoverable by a plaintiff who comes within its ambit. I agree with the Court below that the learned trial Judge ought to have awarded to the plaintiff the sum of N1,307,480.60 being the difference between the contract price of the two trucks and their market or current price of N3,000,000.00 as at 13/4/93. The learned trial Judge rightly found that section 51(3) of the Sale of Goods Act applied but failed to apply it and this gave the court below the opportunity to interfere and reassess the damages. See Davies v. Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries (supra) and Cavanagh v. Ulster Weaving Co. (1960) A.C. 145. The damages recoverable under section 51(3) are quantified on proof of market or current price and from the admission contained in the statement of defence and the production of exhibit “RS 1” in evidence, no further proof was required. In conclusion and for the reasons stated above, the appeal fails and it is dismissed by me. I award N10,000.00 costs in favour of the plaintiff.
SC.116/1997
