Alhaji Bani Gaa Budo Nuhu V Alhaji Isola Are Ogele (2003)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
I.C. PATS ACHOLUNU, JSC.
The appellant was the Plaintiff who instituted an action in Ilorin Upper Area Court claiming a parcel of land from the Defendant now the Respondent. After hearing the parties that Court gave judgment in favour of Plaintiff i.e. Appellant.
The Respondent appealed to the High Court and framed 8 grounds of Appeal. At the date the matter was set down for hearing he sought the leave of the Court to file an additional ground of Appeal making it up to 9 grounds. On that same date the Respondent (as appellant therein) decided to argue only ground 9. This method or practice adopted by the Respondent then was obviously opposed by the other party. The High Court overruled the Appellant’s Counsel but in a reserved judgment dismissed the appeal on that one ground and made no further mention of the other 8 grounds. The point in contention and adumbrated in the 9th ground was that the Upper Area Court gave its judgment in chambers and not in open court and therefore such a procedure did violence to the Constitution.
The Respondent thereupon appealed to the Court of Appeal on the ground that it was perverse for the High Court to hold that there was nothing on the records to suggest that the judgment was delivered in camera. The successful party cross-appealed on the ground that the unargued eight grounds should have been regarded as having been abandoned and should therefore have been struck out. The Court of Appeal in a reserved judgment allowed the Appeal stating in unmistakable terms that the trial in the Upper Area Court was obviously a nullity, having found that the judgment was in Chambers. It dismissed the Cross-Appeal describing the quest for its agitation as pure academic exercise. The Appellant then appealed to this Court and filed 7 grounds in the notice of Appeal.
Parties filed their briefs of argument but the Respondent meanwhile filed a notice of preliminary objection on the premise that the Appellant did not obtain the leave of the Court before filing his appeal and therefore the Court could not validly exercise any jurisdiction. In the alternative he argued that grounds (iii) (iv) and (v) are vague for non-compliance with the Rules of the Supreme Court.
The learned Counsel for the Respondent Chief Olanipekun SAN contended in his argument that the decision of the Court of Appeal appealed from was a mere interlocutory decision and not a final judgment. His postulation is that the decision being an interlocutory judgment and not a final judgment as he conceived it, the Appellant should have sought the leave of this Court.
What then is the test of a final judgment? I believe that when a matter comes for adjudication before a tribunal of justice for the determination of an issue in controversy in order to enable parties know for certainty the state of affairs in respect of the matter, a finding that would finally settle that issue the subject matter of the appeal at that material time in the sense that there shall be no more reference to it in that matter, is a decision that can be said to be final for that purpose. In the course of the history of a civil matter or any controversy, such a matter or cause may make a second journey, and there may be various legal off-shoots of the case which call for a through examination, synthesisation, and analysis with a view to finding an answer. The determination of that issue by the Court called upon to pronounce on the singular subject matter arising from the main action is to all intents and purposes a final judgment. Thus in Exparte Moore, in re Faithful (1885) 14 Qbd. 627, 54 L.J. QB 190 Brett M.R. said;
“If the Court orders something to be done, according to the answer to the enquiries, without further reference to itself, the judgment is final.”
Also is Standard Discount C. V. Le Grange (1877) 3 CPD. 71, 37 LT. 372, Brett, L.J. (as he then was) held:
“No order, judgment or other procedure can be final which does not at once affect the status of the parties for whichever side the decision is given.”
See also Blay V. Solomon (1947) WACA vol. 12, 175, Ifediorah V. Ume (1988) 2 NWLR (Pt. 74) 5, NSCC vol. 19 at 570, Ude V. Agu (1961) All NWLR 65, Omolowo V. African Newspapers Ltd. & Anor. (1991) NWLR (Pt. 209) 371 at 380.
Having regard to the judgment appealed against and which states unequivocably that the decision given by a lower court is a nullity, it is unquestionably a final judgment. I therefore hold that the decision of the Court of Appeal that the judgment of Upper Area Court which it was roundly convinced was held in chambers was a final judgment in the sense that it outrightly disposed of the question referred to it.
The learned Counsel for the Respondent had equally contended that grounds (iii) and (v) were vague or novel in that they do not challenge the decision of the lower Court on either a mistake of law or fact, and that ground (iv) is vague for lack of expatiation. I shall deal with the objection. The term vague connotes something woolly, equivocal, a state of affair that does not lend itself easily to comprehension, something blurry and nebulous, uncertain or shadowy. In considering ground (iv) of the grounds of Appeal it is note-worthy that the Appellants stated thus;
“The learned Justice of the Court of Appeal erred in law in their exposition of what a record of Appeal is.”
I would have expected the appellant to expatiate this ground by way of stating the particulars that would define, elucidate or expound with clarity the nature of the exposition of what the record of Appeal is all about. This type of ground is with the greatest respect very difficult to understand. It is difficult to ascertain what the Appellant has in mind. Since I am unable to fathom and readily appreciate what message he is sending across, I hold and I agree with the Respondent that this grounds vague. Having so held, I herby strike it out. It is essential to state that clarity of thought should precede clarity of expression. A ground of Appeal should not lend itself to obscure expressions which would inevitably task the render as to what message is being put across.
The Respondent had equally found fault with the nature and quality of grounds (iii) and (v) which he equally described as being vague. I have carefully read ground (iii) and I must confess that there is nothing vague about it as I understand the purport and intent of that ground. In explaining the alleged misdirection, the appellant seeks to show this Court that the Court of Appeal misjudged by not appreciating that there is nothing in that record that suggests that the judgment was given or delivered in Chambers. I understand the message that ground is sending across and that being the case, I would not ascribe to it the description of vagueness.
A vague expression because of its uncertainty or absurdity leads to speculation as to what is intended. I therefore do not share the view expressed by the learned Counsel for the Respondent. To my mind that ground is quite as there is nothing nebulous about it. That objection does not hold any water.
In respect of Ground (v) which states as follows:-
“The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal misdirected themselves when holding that “I have no doubt that the record or proceedings for that day was manipulated by showing on the face of the record that the presiding judge Abu Olanrawaju sat on that day with the other two members, when in fact he was not even around.”
I am clearly aware of what the Appellant is saying. The complaint there is that the Court of Appeal did not fully appreciate or understand what was addressed before it in respect of the record hence it misdirected itself for alleged lack of comprehension of the nuances of the matter. Whether the Appellant is correct or not is not the issue now, but suffice it for me to say that I fully grasp what his grouse against the lower Court’s judgment is all about. That being the case, I do not agree that ground No. (v) is vague. If it is vague I would not be able to understand its purport.
When a ground of Appeal is framed or couched in a language which lacks elegance and a flowing prose that should lend itself readily to be understood then it has a hallmark of vagueness. Such uncertainty arising out of awkward phrasing would no doubt cast a shadow of incomprehension in such a ground. In that case, the Court should strike it out for its uncertainty. This is not the case in respect of ground (v).
Having disposed of the objections raised, I now come to the main case. The Appellant formulated 3 issues arising out of his grounds of appeal for determination by this court. They are as follows:-
- “Whether the lower Court was right to have dismissed the Cross-Appeal before it based on the unargued eight grounds of appeal at the Ilorin High Court (Appellate Session).
- Whether the lower Court was right in its construction of the Ilorin Upper Area Court’s proceedings and reliance on other Court process outside it to hold that the Upper Area Court delivered its judgment in secret/chambers.
- Whether or not it is right in the interest of doing substantial justice to declare the judgment of the Ilorin Upper Area Court delivered in Chambers and therefore unconstitutional”.
The Respondent on the other hand framed only one issue which is:
“Whether or not the lower Court was right in allowing the Respondents’ Appeal (then acting as Appellant) and dismissing the Appellants’ Appeal (then acting as Cross-Appellant).”
The Appellant contends that he is miffed with the dismissal of his Cross-Appeal in the court below which that Court described as mere academic exercise and would not achieve any worth-while purpose. The bulwark of his submission is that the judgment of the lower Court is wrong as it seemed to rely overwhelmingly on NBN V. Alakija (1987) 9-10 SC. 59 which he submitted ought not to apply to the present case. Counsel for the Appellant cited the cases of Eholar V. Osayande (1992) 7 SC.N.J. 217 at 224 and Ndiwe V. Okocha (1992) 7 SC. N.J. 355. The Respondent’s Counsel replicando disagreed and submitted that following the judgment of the lower court nullifying the decision of the Upper Area Court; it would have been purely an academic exercise in futility for that Court to start discussing the substance of the Cross-Appeal. It cannot be doubted that the purpose of the Respondent in this case by latching as it were, on the sole ground to wit, that the proceedings in the Chambers was a nullity, was that he sought to put all other grounds in the cooler feeling no doubt that the sole ground could conceivably dispose of the whole matter. In other words, if he managed to convince the Court of Appeal on the weight and substantiality of his submission by a well researched and argued points that would reflect forensic advocacy at its best, the decision of the Upper Area Court and the High Court would be rendered non-event.
Counsel for the Respondent referred the Court to P.81 of the record wherein the Appellant had urged the Court below to disallow the appeal adding that the Appellant never urged the Court to dismiss the whole Appeal contending that the Appellant’s submission could be interpreted to mean that he restricted himself to that sole ground which is the bone of contention. The Court of Appeal in its judgment per Abdullahi JCA (as he then was) said;
“Before I finish with the Cross-Appeal I must also observe that despite the position taken by the lower Court on this issue at the time it allowed the Appellant to file and argue the additional ground 9, it is clear at the end of the day, the lower Court reversed its position on the issue by dismissing the ground, thereby giving judgment so to speak in favour of the Cross-Appeal. This in my view had rendered the Cross-Appeal a mere academic exercise. For these reasons, I find no merit in the Cross-Appeal and accordingly dismiss it.”
Now it must be noted that the Ilorin Upper Area Court gave judgment to the Appellant and on Appeal to the High Court, although ostensibly on 9 grounds it transpired that the Respondent argued only one ground, that sole ground was dismissed. The effect of this dismissal was that the Appellant was effectively put where he was before the determination of that Appeal in the High Court. I am therefore unable to grasp the rationale for the Appellant to cling to the non-consideration of his Cross-Appeal. I find his argument utterly bizarre. One cannot but wonder what the consideration of the cross-appeal would achieve. When the matter of argument of the sole point was before the High Court the Counsel for the Respondent had stated at P. 79 of the Record that the sole ground which he was seeking the Court to dwell on at length is “like an issue of jurisdiction which was capable of disposing of the case one way or the other.”
That Court ruled as follows:
“There is no doubt that the issue whether the decision of the Upper Area Court is a nullity is fundamental and its decision on it is capable of disposing of the entire appeal… We would rather confine ourselves to the additional ground and consider the same one way or the other.”
In NBA & Anor V. Lady Ayodele Alakija & Anor. (1978) 9-10 SC. 59 hitherto referred to us, the Supreme Court, per Eso JSC, stated as follows:- at P.67.
“Dr. F.A. Ajayi learned Counsel representing the Appellant in this Court abandoned grounds 1 and 4 of the grounds of Appeal and argued all the other grounds of Appeal including ground 20A. As ground 20A is in the alternative to all the other grounds of Appeal, it becomes necessary that we examine the submissions of learned Counsel thereupon first, particularly as the alternative relief sought, that is for a rehearing of the case on pleadings flows from that ground of appeal and our decision on this ground of appeal might put a stop to our consideration of the other grounds of appeal”.
This was a case where some of the grounds were abandoned.
After a full consideration of the purport and ramification of the argument of Chief Ajayi in that case, this Court held;
“It follows that ground 20A of the grounds of Appeal must succeed. We have already stated that the Appellant asked for a retrial on this ground. Having regard to the order we intend to make we do not think it would be wise to pronounce on the other grounds of Appeal.”
In this case under consideration I cannot for my part see the wisdom or the desirability or even the relevance of delving for one minute on the nature of the Cross-Appeal which from the nature of decisions of the High Court and the subsequent nullification of the Upper Area Court judgment has become moribund. Issue no. 1, becomes really a non-issue.
The second issue is whether the Court of Appeal should have relied on extrinsic factors outside what is contained in the records before it to hold that the judgment was given in Chambers. The learned Counsel for the Appellant expressed some disquietness that as the Court of Appeal had accepted the authenticity of the proceeding of the High Court as contained in the records it has no business looking elsewhere. The affidavit filed by both parties were in respect of an issue not reflected in the Record to the effect that the proceeding of Ilorin Upper Area Court were not in the open court. In considering the nature of the Record before it the lower Court said,
“A record of Appeal generally is compiled by the Appellant normally or in some cases, what both parties settled and agreed as the record of appeal.”
However, the Court below went further and stated thus:
In this case, the additional ground of appeal filed by necessity became part of the record of appeal so was (sic) all other documents filed used to facilitate the filing of the additional ground of appeal, which includes the supporting affidavits and the counter-affidavits.
There is no gainsaying the fact that the contents of the affidavits and the counter-affidavits disclosed cogent and direct facts to beat down the integrity and genuiness of the Upper Area Court on 23rd January, 1996 to its lowest level. Not only that the contents of the affidavits brought out clearly that the judgment of the Court and other proceedings for that day were conducted in Chambers, but worst of all the record was manipulated by showing that the presiding Judge Abu Olarewaju was present and participated; while in actual fact he was indisposed as clearly stated by the respondent himself in his affidavit”.
The Court below did not choose it ignore the deposition before it that the proceedings in the Upper Area Court were tainted with fundamental irregularity that would vitiate irredeemably the cause of Justice that was supposed to have emerged from that Court. A party affected by the proceedings of a Court who was present in Court and was able to observe the nature of the proceedings in the Court shall not or ought not be precluded from asserting, by way of affidavit, that what is contained in the record does not exactly represent the true state of affairs of what happened on that date or other dates of the proceedings. The Court of Appeal is bound to look at the depositions to ascertain the veracity or otherwise of the complaint. Where such facts so deposed go to the root of the proceedings and the surrounding circumstances tend to support same as to render it nugatory and void, it is, I believe and I so strongly hold, that it is the duty of the Court seised with the proceedings to use the new facts to determine the legality or irregularity complained of. It is uncharitable to say that the Court of Appeal relied on extraneous factors to find for the Respondent. The affidavits and the counter-affidavits in respect of the issue in question formed an inextricable part of the record of the High Court. It was on it that the High Court ruled. Arising out of that ruling or decision an appeal was lodged in the Court of Appeal to take a second look at the complaint of the Respondent. The lower Court must inevitably look at all the contents of the record before it.
It is essential to emphasise that the presumption of the genuiness of a Court’s Record is not absolute. It can still be rebutted by facts which show or tend to show that what is contained in the record does not quite reflect the true state of affairs. In the administration of justice it is important to note that justice though intangible was nevertheless worshipped by the Romans as goddess. The symbol of woman holding the scale of Balance represents Justice and in other to get through justice, it is only fair and in accordance with the end of justice, that its administration should not be seen as in a cloak which the light cannot penetrate. The Court of Appeal alive to its responsibility did the correct thing by looking at the affidavits and using and relying on what they seek to convey as an instrument of meting out justice.
What the Court of Appeal did in its search for truth to bring about justice, is praise worthy and is to be commended.
The last issue is as to whether the lower Court should have declared the judgment of the Ilorin Upper Area Court on 23rd January, 1996 a nullity. The Appellant placed reliance on section 29 of the Kwara State Area Court’s Edict of 1967. He contended that section 33(3) of the 1979 Constitution, then still in vogue and extant, was not absolute and its construction should reflect the nature of the particular Court’s Rules. To suggest that the provision of the Constitution should be constructed subject to the prescription of an inferior statute is a legal apostasy. Nothing could be further from the truth. The provision of the Constitution is all embracing in its operationality and has general application and any law inconsistent with such provisions would have done violence to the spirit of the organic and primary law and therefore to the extent of such inconsistency is null and void and of no effect – see section 1(3) of the Constitutions.
The Learned, Counsel for the Appellant equally referred us to section 61 of the Kwara State Area Court’s Edict which states as follows:-
“No proceedings in an Area Court and no summons, warrant, process, order or decree issued or made thereby shall be varied or declared void upon appeal or revision solely by reason of any defect in procedure or want of form but every court or authority established in and for the state and exercising powers of appeal or revision under this Edict shall decide all matters according to substantial justice without undue regard to technicalities.”
The Appellant sought to embellish his argument by citing Nwanezie V. Idris (1993) 1 SC.N.J. in which Nnaemeka – Agu JSC, said,
“One clear principle which flows through all the proceedings before all our ‘native tribunals’ and appeals therefrom is that they must aim at doing substantial justice. To that intent technicalities of strict rules of practice and procedure in English type of courts are not applicable.”
I do not with the greatest respect share the enthusiastic view being espoused by the Appellant by a skewed construction of the above case. The spirit of section 33(3) of the 1979 Constitution postulated and invariably dictated when it held sway that all proceedings of the courts without exceptions save where there was a Constitutional provision to the contrary, (and that is inclusive of rendition of judgments, ruling and orders) should be in open court. It cannot be doubted that in a democratic setting where the Rule of law prevails, id est, where all people, organs and institutions of the Government are under the law, it is the indisputable right of the public to have undeniable and unlimited access to court proceedings. Courts exist for the citizenry. They adjudicate on the right of the parties and the method of adjudication can only be adjudged right and in keeping with the dictate of the primary law if the proceedings are open for all to see. I hold that no excuse should be advanced in any form to give the impression that the court could sit in camera and be “cabined, confined and cribbed” not to saucy doubts and fears. (Apologies to William E. Shakespeare) but to perform an act in a way that violates the tenor and intendment of section 33(3) of the 1979 Constitution analogous to section 36(3) of the present Constitution.
The Appellant further referred this Court to Ezeanaya V. Okeke (1995) 4 SC.N.J. at 76, Kuusu V. Udoma (1990) NWLR (Pt. 127) 42, and Ajagbonnwa V. Iladare (1979) 6 SC.N.J. to show that the proceedings of native courts do not come within the provisions of Sections 33(3) afore-said. Nothing can be further from the truth. In Kuusu V. Udom (supra) referred to by this court, the main issue there was that the trial court had admitted an evidence taken at the locus in quo without the witness taking any oath. The court of appeal held that the Area Court was not bound by section 179 of the Evidence Law. At the Supreme Court, Nnamani, JSC in the leading judgment said;
“Area Courts and Customary Courts were the successors of the old native Courts. It seems clear to me, as it was to the Court of Appeal, that there is nothing in the Evidence Act which is applicable to the proceedings of the Grade II Area Court. Section 179 of the Evidence Act did not therefore apply to that Court.”
PAGE 8
Karibi-Whyte JSC in a concurring judgment said;
“It is important to appreciate the fundamental factor that Area Courts created under the Area Courts Edict, 1968 which are the successors of the former Native Courts, which in turn were the courts which replaced the pristine traditional methods of the administration of justice are designed to maintain and adhere to our indigenous methods of administering justice in so far as such is not repugnant to natural justice and it is not oppressive or prejudicial to either of the parties to the civil cause or matter before the court.”
It is therefore evident that this case is in-applicable. The provision of the Constitution applies to even the Area Courts or Customary Courts all-inclusive. There is simply no escape route for any court from the operation of the Constitution. The Court of Appeal having found that the proceedings of Upper Area Court contravened or failed to treat with reverence the majestic provision of the Constitution did the correct thing by giving a decision that is a credit to it and to the furtherance of jurisprudence.
In the final analysis the appeal fails as lacking in merit and is hereby dismissed. The judgment of the Court of Appeal is affirmed.
The Appellant shall pay N10, 000.00 costs to the Respondent.
SC. 96/1998
