Chief L.L.B. Ogolo Vs Joseph T. Ogolo (2006)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
ONNOGHEN, J.S.C.
This is an appeal against the judgment of the Port Harcourt division of the Court of Appeal in Appeal No. CA/PH/65/98 delivered on 11th May, 2000 in which it reversed the ruling of the trial court refusing to set aside a default judgment in favour of the plaintiff (now appellant).
The appellant as plaintiff, instituted suit No. PHC/851/93 against the defendant now respondent, claiming the following reliefs:-
(a) A declaration that the plaintiff is the duly elected and recognized Chief of main Ogolo House and Head of Dieperi section of Opobo town in Andoni/Opobo Local Government Area of the Rivers State; and
(b) a perpetual injunction restraining the defendant by himself, his servants, agents and privies from parading or holding out himself (the defendant) whether in Port Harcourt or elsewhere as the Chief of main Ogoto House and/or Head of Diepreri section of Opobo town in Andoni/Opobo Local Government Area of the Rivers State or howsoever acting or purporting to act or assert any right to act as such Chief of main Ogolo House and/or Head of Dieperi section of Opobo town aforesaid during the incumbency of the plaintiff on the said chieftaincy stool.
The respondent entered appearance in the High Court and filed a notice of preliminary objection challenging the competence of the action on the grounds that it was frivolous, vexatious and an abuse of process. Eventually, appellant regularized his statement of claim but the respondent did not file any statement of defence making it possible for appellant to file a motion in April, 1996 for an order for judgment in default of a statement of defence, which notice was duly served on the respondent. At the time of filing the motion for judgment, the preliminary objection of the respondent on the jurisdiction of the court to entertain the action was still pending. However on 8th October, 1996 the learned trial Judge without inviting arguments on the objection, struck out the same while ruling on an application for adjournment. That action made it possible for the said court to hear and determine the motion for judgment in default of defence on the same day, 8th October, 1996. The court also refused an application for adjournment by counsel for the respondent to the following day after striking out the objection.
Respondent then filed a motion to set aside the judgment in default on the 11th day of October, 1996. Meanwhile, on the 8th day of October, 1996, respondent had filed a statement of defence, a copy of which was exhibited to the affidavit in support of the motion to set aside the judgment and thereon marked as exhibit Ogolo 1. The trial Judge failed to consider the said statement of defence in its ruling refusing the application to set aside the judgment. The respondent was dissatisfied with that ruling and appealed to the Court of Appeal which overruled the trial court and remitted the matter to that court to be dealt with according to law. Appellant is dissatisfied with that judgment and has appealed to this court.
Learned senior counsel for the appellant, Dr. J. O. Ibik, SAN, in the appellant’s brief of argument deemed filed on 2/6/03 submitted two issues for the determination of the appeal. The issues are:-
(a) Whether the lower court adopted the correct approach in determining the appeal challenging the exercise of judicial discretion by the trial court and, if not, whether the approach occasioned miscarriage of justice to warrant interference by the Supreme Court in the circumstances (Original grounds 1,2,3,4 and 5)
(b) Whether the lower court occasioned miscarriage of justice by ignoring the preliminary objection as to the competency of the substantive appeal in considering the merit vel non of the appeal (Additional ground 6).”
Arguing issue 1, learned senior counsel stated that Order 27 rule 10 of the Rules of court under which respondent brought the application confers on the trial court discretion as to whether or not to set aside the default judgment. Learned counsel then referred to the issue for determination in the lower court as formulated by the counsel for the appellant therein and the one formulated by the lower court and submitted that the dispute between the parties in that court had nothing to do with the issue as to whether or not the defendant ought to have been allowed “to put in his defence” as the lower court seems to have dwelt upon in arriving at its decision to allow the appeal. Referring the court to pages 122 to 124, learned senior counsel submitted that the lower court erroneously decided the appeal as if the issue in controversy was an application by the defendant for enlargement of time within which to file a defence whereas no such issue was presented; that at the time judgment was entered, neither the respondent (defendant) nor his counsel said anything about the filing of a statement of defence neither was there any application before that court for leave to file a statement of defence out of time; that the affidavit in support of the motion for judgment was therefore unchallenged. Learned senior counsel submitted further that the sole ground of appeal before the lower court did not complain about refusal to let in defence, thereby rendering the opinion of the lower court in the pages of the judgment earlier referred to, irrelevant for the determination of the issue before that court, and that this court ought to disregard same relying on Iweka v. SCOA (Nig.) Ltd. (2000) 7 NWLR (Pt.664) 325.
Learned counsel then submitted that the principles establishing the correct approach to be adopted in reviewing exercise of judicial discretion on appeal are as stated by the Supreme Court in the case of University of Lagos v.Aigoro (1985) 1 NWLR (Pt.l) 143; Enekebe v. Enekebe (1964) 1 All NLR 102; Demuren v. Asuni (1967) 1 All NLR 94; Solanke v. Ajibola (1968) 1 All NLR 46; Ngwu v. Onuigbo (1999) 13 NWLR (Pt.636) 512 and Oyekanmi v.N.E.PA (2000) 15 A NWLR (Pt.690) 414. Learned senior counsel further submitted that since the lower court took a manifestly wrong view of the case presented at the trial court in arriving at its decision, this court ought to set same aside; that it is not correct, as stated by the lower court, that the trial court closed its eyes to the statement of defence exhibited to the affidavit in support of the motion to set aside the default judgment because at page 61, the trial Judge did comment on the issue; that the conduct of the party applying to set aside judgment in default is always a relevant consideration in dealing with such an application since the relief is equitable and that he who comes to equity must come with clean hands, learned counsel further submitted that it is not correct that a statement of defence was filed before the court resumed sitting on 8th October, 1996 neither was the attention of the trial court drawn to that fact; that the trial court considered all the relevant principles applicable to the exercise of its discretion and found no merit in the application and that the lower court erred in reversing that ruling. Learned SAN then urged the court to resolve the issue in favour of the appellant.
On his part, learned counsel for the respondent, E. C. Ukala, Esq. in the respondent’s brief filed on 19/9/03 submitted that the argument of learned senior counsel for the appellant on the issue is misconceived, the law being that a Court of Appeal is entitled to interfere with the exercise of discretion of the trial court in certain circumstances such as:-
(a) Where the lower court failed to act judicially and/or judiciously.
(b) where the lower court acted under a misconception of the law or under misapprehension of the facts;
(c) where the lower court in the exercise of its discretion has been influenced by irrelevant matters or failed to take into account relevant matters;
(d) where it is necessary in the interest of justice to interfere.
For the above statement of the law, learned counsel cited and relied on the following cases: Emekebe v.Enekebe (supra); Oyekanmi v. N.E.P.A (supra); United Spinners (Nig.) Ltd. v. Chartered Bank Ltd. (2001) 14 NWLR (Pt.732) 195 at 219 – 220, and Eze v. A.-G., Rivers State (2001) 18 NWLR (Pt.746) 524 at 545.
Learned counsel then submitted that the lower court was right in interfering with the exercise of discretion by the trial court since the aim is to achieve substantial justice in the case; that the courts have always leaned in favour of hearing cases on the merit and that this has become the proper way of exercising judicial discretion; that the lower court intervened to ensure that the parties had their dispute determined on the merit.
Learned counsel then referred to the finding by the lower court at pages 122 to 124 that the trial Judge was not fair to the respondent by giving judgment in favour of the appellant in this court without hearing his own side of the case; that the lower court reviewed the affidavit in support of the motion to set aside and found that there was sufficient reason to let the defendant in to defend the action particularly as it found that respondent has a defence on the merit; that the lower court was therefore not in doubt that the trial court failed to act judicially and/or judiciously and that it was necessary in the interest of justice to interfere with the wrongful exercise of discretion by the trial Judge.
Submitting further, learned counsel stated that the subject matter of the action was a declaration and that learned counsel for the appellant at page 22 sought to be allowed to adduce evidence before judgment could be entered but the trial Judge refused the application and proceeded to enter a declaratory judgment without the benefit of oral evidence, contrary to decided authorities such as Bello v. Eweka (1981) J.S.C 101 at 103; Wallersteiner v. Moir (1974) 3 All ER 217 at 251; that the trial court thus acted upon a misconception of the law thereby justifying the interference by the lower court. Learned counsel then urged the court to resolve the issue against the appellant.
Both counsel agree that the appeal is based upon wrongful interference by the lower court in the exercise of discretion by the trial court in an application for an order setting aside the judgment of the trial court entered on 8th October, 1996. The law is settled that a discretion properly exercised by trial court will not be likely interfered with by an appellate court even if the appellate court was of the view that it might have exercised the discretion differently. It is only when a trial court exercised its discretion upon a wrong principle or mistake of law or under a misapprehension of the facts or took into account irrelevant or extraneous matters or excluded relevant matters thereby occasioning injustice, that an appellate court will not abdicate its duty to interfere with the exercise of that discretion in order to prevent injustice – see Oyekanmi v. NEPA (supra) at 438 cited and relied upon by both counsel.
One of the pivots of appellant’s argument is that the lower Court, in considering the issue before it as to whether or not the trial court wrongfully exercised its discretion in refusing to set aside its judgment in default of defence, erroneously considered and determined the appeal as if the application at the trial court was one to file a defence out of time. Looking closely at the facts of the case, and the law applicable thereto, I hold the view that the learned senior counsel is in error in so submitting. Both parties agree that the application before the trial court was for an order setting aside the default judgment entered by that court on 8th October, 1996; that exhibited to the affidavit in support of that application is a statement of defence on the merit of the action said to have been filed on 8/11/ 96 – the very day the trial court entered the default judgment. The record shows clearly that the trial Judge, in deciding whether to grant the application or not did not consider the defence of the respondents so as to determine whether the statement of defense discloses any defence to the action before refusing the application.
It is settled law that a judgment given at the end of a normal trial, after hearing evidence of both parties and submissions of counsel on the relevant issues of facts and law, is on the merit of the action and also a final judgment which the court concerned is incapable of setting aside except for fundamental defects that go to the jurisdiction of the court.
Where the judgment is final and the court that enters it has no jurisdiction to set same aside having thereby become funtus officio, the way to challenge it or remedy any defect therein is by appeal to a superior court – see Alapa v. Sanni (1967) NMLR 397. In the instant case, the judgment of 8th October, 1996 by the trial court was a judgment in default of defence and therefore not a final judgment since both parties were not heard on the merits of the case. In such a case, the rules of court particularly Order 27 rule 10 of the applicable High Court Rules provides the procedure for the setting aside of a judgment not given on the merits by the court that gave it. According to the decision in Evans v. Bartlam (1937) A.C. 473 at 480, “the principle obviously is that unless and until the court has pronounced a judgment upon the merits or by consent, it is to have the power to revoke the expression of its coercive power when that has only been obtained by a failure to follow any of the rules of procedure.”
The crucial question that necessarily follows is: what are the relevant considerations upon which the court relies in deciding whether or not to grant an application to set aside its judgment given in default of defence These have been laid down by this court in the case of Williams v. Hope Rising Voluntary Funds Society (1982) 1-2 S.C 145 as follows:-
- The reason for the default in filing the defence
- Whether there has been undue delay in making the application so as to prejudice the respondent;
- Whether the respondent would be prejudiced or embarrassed upon an order for rehearing being made so as to render it inequitable to permit the case to be re-opened and,
- Whether the applicant’s case is manifestly unsupportable.
From the above, it is very clear and I hereby hold that for the court to exercise its discretion judicially and judiciously with regards to an application to set aside a judgment given in default of a statement of defence, one of the matters it must consider is whether the applicant’s case is manifestly unsupportable having regards to the proposed statement of defence exhibited to the affidavit in support of the application to set aside the said default judgment. An applicant who fails or neglects to exhibit a proposed statement of defence to an application for an order to set aside a judgment in default of defence cannot be granted that indulgence because he must satisfy the court that he has a defence on the merit before he can be allowed in to defend the action.
In the instant case, the trial court at page 61 stated, inter alia, in relation to the statement of defence:
“In the instant case, the defendant was present when I gave judgment against him in default of pleading and his lawyer who later appeared did not even orally ask for extension of time to file the defence or showed to the court the copy of the defence that has been filed if the registry copy had got stuck somewhere there without reaching the court’s file.”
It is clear from the record that the fact that a statement of defense was filed in the registry of the trial court on the date the default judgment was entered- that is 8/10/96 – is not disputed because the statement of defence so filed was exhibited to the affidavit in support of the application to set aside the judgment vide paragraph 4 and marked exhibit “Ogolo 1” and the official stamp of that court thereon at page 31 shows clearly that it was filed on 8/10/96. That being the case, even if the attention of the trial Judge was not drawn to the fact that such a statement of defence was so filed, as claimed by the trial court, before the entry of the default judgment, it is not disputed that the said statement of defence was clearly and legally brought before the court as an exhibit in the application to set aside the judgment and therefore ought to have been considered by that court in the determination of that application. However, from the passage quoted from the ruling of that court (supra), it is very clear that the court failed and or neglected to consider the said defence, the reason probably being as stated by that court at page 63 thus:-
“… having delivered a considered final judgment on 8/10/96, I will be sitting as a Court of Appeal on my own judgment if I grant this application. I am funtus officio. The application to set aside the judgment of 8/10/96 in default of pleadings is dismissed.”
I therefore agree with the finding of the lower court at page 123 that:-
“In the instant case, the appellant attached his statement of defence to the affidavit in support of the motion to set aside the judgment, yet the learned trial Judge shut his eyes to it ….”
The failure or neglect of the trial court to look at that defense so as to determine whether the case of the applicant is manifestly unsupportable made it necessary, in fact imperative, for the lower court, being a court designed to ensure substantial justice to parties, to look into the issue, which it did. In the processes of looking into the issue, the lower court found, inter alia, as follows:
“…I am of the clear and firm view that the learned trial judge was not fair to the appellant by giving judgment in favour of the respondent against him without hearing his own side of the case. This is more so when the action is predicated on who is the recognized Chief of main Ogolo House and Head of Dieperi section of Opobo town as between the respondent and the appellant.
I have looked at the affidavit in support of the motion and I am quite satisfied that the reason given in it is cogent to allow him to put in his defence…. Looking at the defence, I am also satisfied that it raised a defense on the merits. Where a defendant is able to show that he has a defence on the merit, judgment should not be entered against him. He should be granted extension of time within which to file such a defence….”
The lower court therefore found it necessary to interfere with the trial court’s exercise of its discretion in refusing the application to set aside its judgment in default of defence and I hold the view that the lower court is right in so doing; particularly as the trial court failed to act judicially and judiciously and also failed to take into consideration, the very relevant statement of defence exhibited as exhibit Ogolo 1 to the affidavit in support of the application before it. I also hold that it is in the interest of justice for the lower court to have so interfered with the said ruling of the trial court. It must be noted that the reliefs claimed by the respondent at the trial court and which were granted in the default judgment, included a declaratory relief. The law is settled that such a relief cannot be granted without oral evidence by the plaintiff even where the defendant expressly admitted same in the pleadings, the said relief being equitable in nature. When looked at from that angle, it becomes very clear that the trial Judge was under a misconception of the law when he granted the declaratory judgment in default of statement of defence thereby rendering the said judgment liable to be set aside upon proper application to that effect.
In conclusion I resolve the issue under consideration against the appellant.
On issue No.2, learned senior counsel for the appellant submitted that the failure or neglect of the lower court to determine the preliminary objection as to the competency of the appeal robbed the appellant of his constitutionally guaranteed right to fair hearing and thereby occasioned a miscarriage of justice. Referring to the sole ground of appeal filed before the lower court, learned senior counsel submitted that the said ground being of mixed law and fact and, the decision appealed against not being, in the opinion of learned senior counsel, a final decision, leave of court was required as prescribed by section 221(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979 (hereinafter referred to as the 1979 Constitution) and that the failure to so obtain leave rendered the appeal incompetent and deprived the lower court of the jurisdiction to entertain same. Finally, learned senior counsel urged the court to decide the question of the competency of the appeal which the lower court failed to do based on the facts on record and resolve the issue in favour of the appellant and allow the appeal.
On his part, learned counsel for the respondent conceded that the ruling on the preliminary objection was not contained in the judgment of the lower court and that that failure constitutes an error on the part of the lower court since any party who presents an application before a court is entitled to have same determined one way or the other. Learned counsel also conceded that it is proper for this court to determine the issue rather than remit the matter to the lower court for resolution. However, learned counsel submitted that the failure to so rule on the objection has not occasioned a miscarriage of justice particularly as the objection was misconceived since the ruling appealed against was not interlocutory but final decision of the trial court. That the correct test in determining whether a decision is final or interlocutory is to look at the nature of the order made rather than the nature of the proceedings resulting in the order, relying on UBA v. Akinsanya (1986) 4 NWLR (Pt.35) 273, (1986) 7 S.C. 233; Westem Steel Works v. Iron & Steel Workers Union (1986) 3 NWLR (Pt.30) 617; Ezeobi v.Abang (2000) 9 NWLR (Pt.672) 230, (2000) FWLR (Pt.56) 652 at 661. Learned counsel further submitted that since the decision appealed against finally disposed of the rights of the parties, having no further reference to the court on matter in which it has delivered its decision, the decision is a final one for which no leave is required; that no more reference to the trial court is required on the matter whether or not to set aside the default judgment and that under the provisions of section 220(1)(a) of the 1979 Constitution, no leave is required to appeal. Learned counsel then urged the court to resolve the issue against the appellant and dismiss the appeal.
There is no dispute that the lower court did not deliver a ruling on the preliminary objection as to whether the appeal is competent, which ruling was reserved to be delivered along with the judgment in the appeal. Both parties concede this fact. Both parties equally concede that this court can and ought to determine the issue involved particularly since the same affects the jurisdiction of the lower court to determine the appeal.
In determining the issue, it is my view that one ought to determine whether the failure of the lower court to so determine the preliminary objection has resulted in a miscarriage of justice. It is also my view that to determine whether a miscarriage of justice occurred, one has to look at the preliminary objection to determine whether the decision appealed against is interlocutory and thereby needing leave of court, or a final decision of that court which does not need leave to appeal. If it is determined that the decision was interlocutory then a miscarriage of justice must have occurred in the failure of the lower court to rule on the objection. This will definitely lead us to a consideration of which decision is interlocutory and which is final.
The two sections of the 1979 Constitution relied upon by both counsel provide as follows:
Section 220(1)”An appeal shall lie from decisions of a High Court to the Court of Appeal as of right in the following cases:
(a) final decisions in any civil or criminal proceedings before the High Court sitting at first instance;”
While section 221(1) of the same Constitution states Thus:
“221(1) subject to the provisions of section 220 of this Constitution, an appeal shall lie from decisions of a High Court to the Court of Appeal with the leave of that High Court or the Court of Appeal.”
The word “decision” is defined in section 277 of the 1979 Constitution as follows:
“decision” means, in relation to court, any determination of that court and includes judgment, decree, order, conviction, sentence or recommendation.”
Now the following facts are relevant and are not disputed.
(a) That the trial court entered a judgment against the present respondent on 8/10/96 in default of defence; and,
(b)The respondent presented an application before that court for an order setting aside that default Judgment which was refused.
The question then is whether that decision refusing the application to set aside the said judgment is interlocutory so as to require leave of court to appeal or final for which no leave is required as provided by the Constitution. In other words, when is a decision of a court said to be interlocutory and when is it final
I agree with learned counsel for the respondent that the correct test in determining whether a decision is final or interlocutory is to look at the nature of the order made rather than the nature of the proceeding resulting in the order. When viewed in that way, it becomes obvious that a decision reached in an interlocutory application may be final if it disposes finally of the rights of the parties, having no further reference to that court on the matter in which it has delivered its decision. For instance, a decision by a court refusing an application to transfer a case is a final decision since it has finally determined the rights of the parties as to whether or not to transfer the case.
In the instant case, I hold the view that as soon as the trial court refused to grant the application for an order setting aside its judgment of 8/10/96, that decision finally determined the rights of the parties as to whether or not to set aside the said default judgment, thereby having no further reference to itself on the matter in which it has delivered its decision. It does not therefore matter that the decision arose from an interlocutory application; the decision determined the rights of the parties to the particular issue in dispute between the parties, in this case, the issue as to whether or not to set aside the judgment in default of defence – See Omonuwa v. Oshodin (1985) 2 NWLR (Pt.10) 924 at 937 per Karibi-Whyte, J.S.C.; Ebokam v. Ekwenibe & Sons Trading Co. Ltd. (1999) 10 NWLR (Pt.622) 242 at 254 per Kalgo, J.S.C.; Blay v. Solomon (1947) 12 WACA 175; Ude v. Agu (1961) 1 SCNLR 98; (1961) All NLR 65; Chike Obi v. DPP (No.2) (1961) All NLR 458, (1961) 2 SCNLR 164; Falola v. UBN Plc. (2005) 7 NWLR (Pt.924) 405 at 419, etc. I therefore hold that the decision of the trial court refusing to set aside the judgment of 8/10/96 in default of defence being a final decision, the present respondent does not need leave of court to appeal against it to the Court of Appeal particularly as section 220(1)(a) of the 1979 Constitution grants the respondent the right to appeal against that decision as of right. In other words, the respondent does not need leave of court to appeal against that decision whether the ground(s) of appeal is (are) of mixed law and facts or of facts alone. That being the case, I hold the view that the Court of Appeal had jurisdiction to hear and determine the said appeal and in the circumstance, no miscarriage of justice has been occasioned by that court not delivering a ruling on the preliminary objection of the present appellant that the appeal was incompetent on the ground that no leave of court was first had and obtained before filing the said appeal.
I therefore resolve the second issue also against the appellant.
In conclusion, I find no merit in this appeal, which is consequently dismissed with costs which I assess and fix at N10,000.00 against the appellant and in favour of the respondent. Appeal dismissed.
SC.46/2001
