Chief N. T. Okoko V. Mark Dakolo (2006)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
ONU, J.S.C.
This appeal is against the judgment of the Court of Appeal, Port Harcourt Division presided over by Ogebe, JCA. Judgment was entered for the plaintiff, now appellant in the High Court for declaration of title, damages for trespass and injunction on 28th August, 1992. Being dissatisfied, the defendant now respondent, appealed to the Court of Appeal sitting at Port Harcourt before which he filed a total of seven grounds of appeal. In the judgment earlier delivered by the High Court, a lake within the land in dispute was awarded to the defendant who did not counterclaim. On that basis, the plaintiff filed a cross-appeal challenging that part of the judgment. Briefs of argument were later filed and exchanged including a respondent’s cross-appeal. In its considered judgment earlier referred to, the court below, allowed the appeal, set aside the decision of the High Court and dismissed the claim. The cross-appeal was also dismissed with costs assessed at N5,000 to the respondents.
Statement of Facts
The appellant’s claim in the High Court was for:-
(i) a declaration of title to a piece of land known as Opubou land near Obungha, Gbarain Clan Yenagoa Division;
(ii) N4,000.00 damages for trespass; and
(iii) perpetual injunction.
The case of the appellant briefly stated, was that the land in dispute is situate at Obunagha (see paragraph 9 of the re-amended statement of claim); that Obunagha was founded by Obunagha after whom it was named vide paragraph 2 re-amended statement of claim as per the evidence of PW1 who also traced the history of his descent from Obunagha to Tarapa, Umgbou, Olobiriowei, Ekpeku, Okoni to himself. The PW1 was the plaintiff on record who died while the case was on appeal in the court below.
PW1 further testified that as owners in possession, members of his family farm on the land, fish in the ponds and lakes and carve canoe and collect firewood therefrom. They exercised these rights without interruption. These acts of possession and others were also pleaded in paragraph 11(vi) and (vii). Judgments of native courts were also pleaded; two such judgments were tendered and admitted as exhibits ‘A’ and ‘B’ (not copied) while the cases were between Olobiriowei of appellants’ family against Agedai of respondents’ family. One of the judgments over a lake within the land (Egwebara Lake) which was pleaded at paragraph II (v) was said to have been lost during the Nigerian Civil War.
The PW1 said that it was in 1966 and 1967 that members of the respondents’ family were seen carving canoe with kuru tree on the land and fishing in Egwebara lake. They were warned but they did not stop. Boundary witnesses also testified for the appellants. Their Surveyor testified as PW5 and tendered their survey plan (exhibit “C”) which is not copied. In all, five witnesses testified for the appellants apart from the PW1. The PW3 under cross-examination said “it is the Gbarabtoru people that fish on the Egerebara lake”. However, the PW1 had testified that the Egwebara lake belonged to the appellant. He said further that in the olden days, there were wild crocodiles in the lake. A member of the respondent’s family who had a medicine to scare away the crocodiles was called to scare them away and in return, was given the right to declare a day of general fishing. At the close of the case for the appellant the defendant (respondent) applied to further amend his amended statement of defence. This was strenuously opposed albeit that it was eventually granted with the respondent ultimately filing the further amended statement of defence in which they set up an adverse claim to the land in dispute by averting through DW1 that the land was rather known as “Amaran Asa” as disclosed in the pleading in paragraph 2 of the further amended statement of defence. In paragraph 3, the respondent did not specifically deny paragraphs 3 to 7 of the appellant’s pleading. They pleaded inter alia … “the defendants are in no position to admit or deny the averments contained in these paragraphs … ” It was the evidence of the respondents that “Amaran was founder of the land in dispute.” But this was not pleaded. Also not pleaded was the link between Amaran and Ayainbiri and between Ayainbiri and the DW 1, the defendant on record.
It is also the case of the respondents that their ancestors originally settled in a place within the land in dispute. Near the old settlement is the big shrine of Agburuku as pleaded in paragraph 7(f) of their pleadings. DW1 further testified that the juju shrine belonged to the respondent and still exists; concluding that the position of the Angburuku shrine had never shifted.
The respondents’ Surveyor testified as DW4 and agreed under cross-examination that the land of Chief Patani Kemidise is the land having boundary in the North with the land verged yellow which is the “Opubou bush.” DW2, respondents’ boundary witness who said he is from Tunama family of Obunagha, later said under cross-examination that he is also from the appellants’ family. He testified, strengthening appellants’ case, that “the founder of Obunagha was Obunagha.” Tunama family is the family of Chief Patani Kemidise. But DW2 contradicted both the pleadings in paragraph 5(a) of the further amended statement of defence and the evidence of DW4, the Surveyor. Whereas the DW4 who tendered the respondents’ survey plan (exhibit “G”) said, “the northern boundary in exhibit “G” is the Opubou bush” DW2 who said he was a retired Senior Registrar of the Judiciary, contradicted the evidence of DW4 and the respondents’ pleadings by saying “I do not know the Opubou bush … our land is bounded … on the South by the Ayainbiri family of Gbarantoru the descendant’s – we do not share a boundary with the plaintiffs.”
DW3 who was also called by the respondents as a boundary witness further contradicted the case of the respondents when he said: “The land in which Gbarantoru settles, is owned by Kalaigoni family” contrary to paragraph 6(ii) of the further amended statement of defence.
It is the further case of the respondents that they “have been occupying it and making use of it by farming and cutting timbers therefrom.” The DW1 agreed under cross-examination that they have been making money from the lakes and ponds. The respondents tendered native court judgments vide exhibits “D”, “E” and “F”. While exhibit “E” was in respect of the Egwebara lake, these exhibits were shown to have been tampered with, having been painted with tipex in some parts. The evidence of both parties was thoroughly evaluated by the learned trial Judge before he made his findings except that part concerning the Egwebara lake and exhibit “E” in respect of which a cross-appeal was filed.
The court below upset the findings of the learned trial Judge and dismissed the claim, upheld the appeal and dismissed the cross-appeal, hence this appeal premised on the four grounds contained in the original Notice and Grounds as well as an additional ground of appeal in reply to the respondents’ statement of defence. The appellants then filed a reply and with it, issues were joined.
The parties filed and mutually exchanged briefs of arguments. While for the appellant four issues were formulated as arising for determination, for the respondent three issues were submitted as arising for determination. The four issues proffered by the appellant are:
Issue No.1
Was it proper in law for the court below to rely on evidence of traditional history given by the respondent on facts not pleaded in the further amended statement of defence and in the absence of such evidence, would the court below be right in holding that the evidence of both parties was on the balance and ought to have been subjected to the Rule in Kojo II v. Bonsie (1957) 1 WLR 1223
Issue No.2
Was the court below right in upsetting the findings of the trial court on the basis of failure to apply the Rule in Kojo v. Bonsie (supra), without taking into consideration the credibility of the respondent’s evidence of traditional history acts of recent possession
Issue No.3
Whether the court below was right in its application of the provisions of sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act, 1990, as a basis for setting aside the award of damages and injunction when the appellant had proved title through traditional history.
Issue No.4
Did the decision by the court below on the main appeal resolve the issues in the cross-appeal If not was the court below right in dismissing the cross-appeal without a determination of the issues therefrom.
The respondents disagreed with the issues proffered by the appellants. In their opinion, and based on the grounds of appeal filed by the appellants, the following issues arise for determination in this appeal.
Issue 1
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in holding that the traditional evidence given by the parties was on the balance and ought to have been subjected to the test laid down in Kojo II v. Bonsie (1957) 1 WLR 1223 (grounds 1,2 and 3 of the grounds of appeal).
Issue 2
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in applying the provisions of Section 146 of the Evidence Act and to have set aside the award of damages and injunction (grounds 4 and 5 of the grounds of appeal).
Issue 3
Whether the Court of Appeal dealt with the issues raised in the cross-appeal in the main appeal as to justify the dismissal of the cross-appeal (ground 6 of the grounds of appeal).
After a careful consideration of the issues herein before submitted on either side, I prefer and wish to adopt the appellants’ issues in resolving the appeal as follows:-
Argument (Issue No.1)
In the first place, the question one may ask is, was it proper in law for the court below to rely on evidence of traditional history given by the respondent on facts not pleaded in the further amended statement of defence and in the absence of such evidence, would the court below be right in holding that the evidence of both parties was on the balance and ought to have been subjected to the Rule in Kojo v. Bonsie (1957) 1 WLR 1223 (This issue is covered by grounds 1 and 2 of the grounds of appeal).
In its judgment, the court below quoted from the evidence of DW 1 as to who founded the land in dispute the following extract:
“On the other hand Earnest Mark Ejebu (DW 1) testifying to appellant’s root of title in line with their pleading stated at page 128 lines 25 – 27 of the record as follows:-
“The said land is called Amara-Asa. The defendants’ Anyaibiri family own the said Amara-Asa”.
Testifying further at page 129, line 24 to 27 of the record, he stated:-
Amaran was the founder of the land in dispute. Amaran was the grandson of Gbarantoruowei. Amaran had other lands apart from the one in dispute.
Part of the DW1 testimony at page 130 lines 12 to 16 of the record read:-
“Once, the land was founded by Amaran we have been occupying it and making use of it by farming and cutting timbers therefrom. After Amaran the land deluded (sic) on Agedai.”
After listing the names from Obunagha, the founder, to Olobiriowei and his son, Ekpeku, the learned trial Judge cited the relevant paragraphs of the plaintiffs’ pleading and concluded that “although the evidence is short, it does not, in my assessment, leave area that call (sic) for further explanations.” Thereafter, the learned trial Judge shifted his focus on the defendants’ evidence of traditional history and remarked thus: “for the defence however, the evidence of traditional history seems to leave some gaps that make it incomplete.” The unpleaded facts of the traditional history of the defence were then highlighted with the conclusion that “if the evidence about Ayainbiriowei is discountenanced it leaves a gap in the traditional history of the defendant’s line of succession.” It is obvious that the court failed to consider the effect of these gaps on the evidence of traditional history offered by the defence. When the court below concluded that the learned trial Judge went on to speculate on what ought to be the history of the root of title of the appellants…….” And that the learned trial Judge ought to confine himself to the history as pleaded they did so (with due respect to the learned Justices of the Court below) without considering the earlier findings of the learned trial Judge as regards the missing links in the evidence of the defendants. The conclusion of the learned trial Judge concerning the defendants’ evidence on the unpleaded facts is that the facts were “vital” and “material” and “ought to have been pleaded.” The learned trial Judge then stated that principle of law that” evidence in support of facts not pleaded goes to no issue and ought to be discountenanced.” The question then is, was the court below right in relying on the evidence based on unpleaded facts as highlighted above, or putting it differently, was the learned trial Judge wrong in his finding and conclusion regarding the state of the defendants’ pleading and evidence
The answer to be proffered, in my opinion, is that the court below was wrong when it relied on the evidence on the facts not pleaded in the further amended statement of defence. I am also of the view that the decision of the learned trial Judge cannot be faulted. It was correct in law for the learned trial Judge to hold that the defendants’ evidence on the unpleaded facts ought to be discountenanced as it is inadmissible. In Eze & 6 Ors. v. Atasie & 3 Ors. (2000) FWLR (Pt. 13) 2180 at page 2189; (2000) 10 NWLR (Pt.676) 470 it was stated emphatically thus:
“If the evidence is at variance with the pleading, such evidence will have no value. It will be discountenanced because it is contrary to the issues joined and therefore goes to no issue worthy of consideration.”
At page 2193 paragraphs E – F, Katsina-Alu, JSC put it succinctly thus:
“So, a party relying on evidence of traditional history must plead his root of title. Not only that he must show in his pleading who those ancestors of his were and how they came to own and possess the land and eventually past it (sic) him.”
And at page 2195 paragraphs B – C, Ejiwunmi, JSC put clearly, as follows:
“It must be remembered that once pleadings are ordered, filed and exchanged, the parties and the courts are bound by the pleadings so filed. It therefore follows remorselessly that evidence must be led in accordance with the pleadings. Evidence led not in conformity with the pleadings and/or upon facts not pleaded went to no issue. “(Italics mine for emphasis).
The principle of law is the same whether the pleadings and evidence are those of the plaintiff or the defendants. There is a plethora of decided cases on this issue but it will not be out of place to call in aid especially on Akinloye v. Eyiyola (1968) NMLR 92 in which Coker, JSC at page 95 thereof held as follows:
“The defendants did not plead the names or histories of the several ancestors mentioned by them or on their behalf in evidence. Such evidence should not have been allowed without an amendment of pleadings.”
That decision was cited and followed in Alli v.Alesinloye (2000) FWLR (Pt. 15) 2610 at page 2653 paragraphs D – H; (2000) 6 NWLR (Pt.660) 177. See also Obulor v. Obora (2001) 4 SC (Pt. 1) 77 at page 79 – 80; (2000) 8 NWLR (Pt.714) 25.
Realising these gaps and missing links in their case they sought to amend the further amended statement of defence in the court below by a motion filed on 11th April, 1995 to introduce some of the facts that were not pleaded. Prayer 2 containing the amendment was withdrawn by the defendants’ counsel and consequently struck out.
The next question is, if the evidence of the defendant as regards the unpleaded facts that Gbarantoruowei had two sons, Anyairiowei and Obabiriowei and Amaran, the son of Anyabiriowei, founded the land in dispute, is expunged from the records, would it be right to hold (as the court below did) that the evidence of both parties was on the balance and ought to have been subjected to the test laid down in Kojo II v. Bonsie (1957) 1 WLR 1223
With due respect to the learned Justices of the court below, it was a wrong decision to hold that the evidence of both parties was on the balance and ought to have been subjected to the rule in Kojo II v. Bonsie (supra). Simply put, the Rule is to the effect that “where there is conflict of traditional history, the best way to test the traditional history is by reference to facts in recent years as established by evidence and by seeing which of the two competing histories is more probable.” (supra) per Lord Denning at page 1226.
Thus, for the Rule to apply, there must be evidence of traditional history from both parties which are in conflict, one with the other, such that the court cannot justifiably prefer one to the other. This was the decision in Eze & 6 Ors. v. Atasie & 3 Ors. (supra) at 2190 paragraphs D – E. The contention there is that as material parts of the evidence of traditional evidence of traditional history put forward by the defendants were not pleaded, the evidence of both parties cannot be said to be in conflict so as to necessitate the application of the rule. It is for the above reasons that I agree with the appellants that Issue 1 be and is hereby resolved in their favour.
On Issue No.2
Issue No.2 asks whether the court below was right in upsetting the findings of the trial court on the basis of failure to apply the Rule in Kojo II v. Bonsie (supra), without taking into consideration the credibility of the respondent’s evidence of traditional history and acts of recent possession.
The learned trial Judge found that “for the plaintiff the evidence of traditional history is quite consistent with the facts pleaded.” All the names in the line of descent were pleaded ” For the plaintiffs’ evidence, the learned trial Judge continued in his assessment that “although the evidence is short, it does not, in my assessment, leave areas that call for further explanations. As against that, for the defence, the learned trial Judge found some “gaps” that made it incomplete. After noting the material facts that were not pleaded, the learned trial Judge brought out the areas in the evidence for the defence that robbed it of its probative value.
He summarised the defence case and noted that “it is rather curious that the land in dispute was neither founded by Ekpeti, by Gbarantoruowei nor by Ayanbiriowei.” He continued that
” … This evidence also renders the traditional history of the defence suspect. With respect, it was the assessment of the evidence of both parties that the learned Justices of the court below erroneously regarded as speculation “on what ought to be the history.” Further still, it was also erroneous for them to observe that “the learned trial Judge … ought to confine himself to the history, as pleaded.”
The record shows that the learned trial Judge perfectly understood the history given by both parties. He gave a vivid summary of the evidence of traditional history by both parties before expressing his preference for the plaintiffs claim as to why the plaintiffs were the earlier settlers. Yet, the learned Justices of the court below condemned the judgment, rather wrongly, in the following words:-
” … the learned trial Judge had departed all well known principles and decided cases of superior courts and adopted a rather inappropriate method to test the competing versions of traditional history or evidence to ascertain which was more probable that the other.”
What indeed the learned trial Judge did was to show that before Amaran, who the defendant claimed to be their ancestor, Gbarain, the founder of Gbarain Clan, settled in the area of Gbarain Clan, Ekpeti, the founder of Ekpetiama clan and Gbarantoru village had been founded by Gbarantoruowei. Yet Amaran was Gbarantoruowei’s grandson. That was why the learned trial Judge termed it as “curious that the land in dispute was neither founded by Ekpeti nor by Gbarantoruowei nor by Ayanbinowei.” When the learned trial Judge wrote that “there is no explanation why the land in dispute which is contiguous to the land on which Gbarantoru village is situated was not founded by the earlier settlers in the defendant’s line of descent until comparatively much later time of Amaran”, he was not, with due respect, supplying a different history to the defendants as the learned Justices of the court below wrongly concluded.
Obviously, and as I have come to agree, it was not credible evidence to say that after Gbarain had founded Gbarain Clan, Ekpeti had founded Ekpetiama and Gbarantoruowei had founded Gbaratoru village, Amaran, the grandson of Gbarantoruowei, could still have founded the land in dispute, which is contiguous to Gbaratoru village and which is said to be in Ekpetiama clan where Amaran was said to “own” various land, including the land in dispute. See paragraph 6(iii) of the further amended statement of defence. Comparing the leadings in paragraph 6(ii) and 6(iii) of the further amended statement of defence and the evidence thereon, it is clear that the history of the defence is inconsistent. Ekpeti had founded Ekpetiana Clan including the land in dispute. Furthermore, after testifying that Gbarantoru village was founded by Gbarabtoruowei, the DW1 contradicted himself on the traditional history when he said as follows: “we showed the Surveyor the area called Gbarantoru village. The area we live was verged in our plan. It is not true that the said area we occupy was granted to us by the plaintiff’s ancestors. But it belongs to the Kala Igoni family of Gbarantoru village. Even when we want to build a house we obtain permission from them.” (Italics is mine for emphasis).
With such contradiction the evidence of the defendants on the traditional history was so manifestly discredited that no reasonable tribunal can rely on it. That was what the learned trial Judge was clearly saying which was misconstrued by the learned Justice of the court below as departure from all well known principles and decided cases of superior courts.
In assessing the credibility “of the evidence of traditional history and facts of recent possession given by the defence,” the learned trial Judge gave areas “which tend to undermine its probative value.” He now assessed the evidence of the defence as pleaded in paragraph 7(a) and (b) of the amended statement of defence (sic) concerning Toloke, a daughter of Amaran, who got married to Isere of Obunugha. The defence evidence was that Amaran gave.Toloke a portion of land to farm. Members of plaintiff’s family who are relations of Toloke’s children joined Toloke to farm on the land given to her by Amaran. That land which was part of the land in dispute did not revert back to the defendants. The learned trial Judge found that this evidence supported the claim of the plaintiffs that they were in possession of the land in dispute, adding, that the area was not shown to the trial court. This aspect of the evidence was not considered by the court below.
Also not considered is yet another aspect of the evidence of the defence concerning their acts of recent possession where DW4 (the Surveyor) contradicted DW 1 (the defendant on record).
In paragraph 7(f) of the further amended statement of defence
the defendants pleaded as follows:
“The ancestors of the 1st and 2nd defendants originally settled in a place within the land in dispute. The place is shown on the plan. ‘Near this old settlement is the big shrine of Agburuku.’ In evidence the DW1 said the juju belonged to Amaran and the shrine is located on the land in dispute and it still exists ….”
….. He said further that the shrine was represented by a basket of feathers, a big chain, a glass, a bottle and a saucer. He testified also that 20 members of the defendants’ family went with the Surveyor when he surveyed the land in dispute.
His evidence was contradicted in two material areas: (i) the DW4 (the Surveyor) testified contradicting him (PW1) that what was shown to him as representing the Agburuku shrine was “a big cotton tree” and same was indicated on the survey plan he produced (exhibit “G”).
As to the first area of contradiction, the learned trial Judge decided by stating: “I agree with the contention of the plaintiffs counsel that there is an inconsistency here.”
The old settlement where the defendants’ family lived which was said to be close to the Agburuku shrine was also shown in the survey plan exhibit “G”, But contrary to the evidence of the DW1, the so-called old settlement is very far from the Agburuku shrine. To this the learned trial Judge remarked:
“Therefore it cannot be said in any conceivable sense that the old settlement and the Agburuku juju shrine are in one and the same place or close to each other as alleged in paragraph 7(f) of the statement of defence.”
In my view, this further erodes the potency of the evidence of traditional history of the defence.
I am of the firm view therefore that with such contradiction and inconsistency in the evidence of the defence the learned trial Judge was right to reject the traditional history relied on by the defence and was right to refuse to apply the rule in Kojo II v. Bonsie (supra). He was in my opinion equally right to have decided that “the plaintiffs’ evidence of traditional history appears … to be stronger than that of the defendants.”
See Obioha v. Duru (1994) 8 NWLR (Pt. 365) 631 at 650 paragraphs E – F Ogundare, JSC made the following emphatic pronouncement:-
“This approach to a resolution of conflicting traditional histories is, in my respectful view, applicable where both histories are plausible and capable of creditability, where however, as in the case on hand, the traditional history put out by one of the parties is so intrinsically conflicting that a reasonable tribunal would not place credence on it, there is no room for the application of the approach. Witnesses for the defence, as rightly found by the learned trial Judge, contradicted each other on traditional history relied on for the defence. The learned trial Judge would be right, in my respectful view, in such a case to reject the traditional history relied on by the defence. Similarly, where there is evidence adduced by one side supportive of the traditional history relied on by the other side, the trial Judge would be right in accepting the latter traditional history.”
The decision in Obioha v. Duru (supra) was followed recently Biariko v. Edeh-Ogwuile (2001) 4 SC (Pt. 11) 96 at pages 114 – 115 lines 20 – 28; (2001) 12 NWLR (Pt.726) 235.
From the foregoing, I agree with the appellant’s submission that the learned Justices of the Court below were wrong in law when they held that “the learned trial Judge was in error in resorting to the “comparisons” to determine which of the competing histories was more probable in order (sic) declare title to the land in dispute in the respondents.” In fact, it has been held in Biariko v. Edeh-Ogwume (supra) at page 114 lines 20 – 39 that:-
“It is not the law that once there are conflicts in the traditional/histories adduced, the court must promptly declare them inconclusive and thereupon proceed to consider recent acts. What indeed happens is that the case being one fought on hearsay upon hearsay, the trial court has a duty to find which of the two histories is more probable by testing it against other evidence in the case. It is when it can neither find any of the two histories probable nor conclusive that he will declare both inconclusive and proceed to decide the case on the basis of numerous and positive acts of possession and ‘ownership.’ (Italics is mine for emphasis).
With respect, I see no basis for upsetting the findings of the trial court and I accordingly resolve this issue in favour of the appellants.
Issue No.3
This issue questions whether the court below was right in its application of the provisions of sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act, 1990 as a basis for setting aside the award of damages and injunction when the appellant had proved title through traditional history.
In treating the issue, it will be necessary to reproduce the said sections of the Evidence Act thus:
Section 46
“Acts of possession and enjoyment of land may be evidence of ownership or of a right of occupancy not only of the particular piece or quantity of land with reference to which such acts are done, but also of other land so situated or connected therewith by locality or similarity that what is true as to the one piece of land is likely to be true of the other piece of land.”
Section 146
“When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which he is shown to be in possession, the burden of proving that he is not the owner is on the person who affirms that he is not the owner.”
After citing the above section the court below went ahead to ask: “Applying the ‘above principle to the evidence, were the respondents in the exclusive possession of the disputed land” The answer proffered was as follows:
“The answer is a capital No.” The damages for trespass and order of injunction then held to have been granted by the trial court in error. This was what the trial court said in respect of section 46 to justify this comment.
“And in the peculiar circumstances of this case and particularly having regard to the vast land involved in the dispute as compared to the relatively tiny Egwebara lake. I cannot, in any conceivable sense, properly invoke the provisions of section 45 (now section 46) of the Evidence Act to hold that the owners of the said Egwebara lake also own the vast (sic) and in dispute.” (words and figures in brackets supplied).
See Okechukwu v. Okafor (1961) All NLR 685 at 686, (1961) 2 SCNLR 369; Okafor v. Obiwo (1978) 9 -10 SC 115.
This issue was extensively argued by both parties in the court below.
In the argument of issues 1 and 2 above, it has been demonstrated that appellants proved title by traditional history. It has also been shown that respondents’ evidence of traditional history and acts of possession was contradictory and inconsistent and so unreliable. Reference has been made in the argument on issue 2 above to the trial court’s findings concerning the-contradictions and inconsistencies. The evidence of acts of possession so loudly orchestrated by the respondents is fraught with material contradictions and inconsistencies, leading the trial court to reject same as suspect.
However, it is contended that even if the respondents’ evidence of acts of possession had not been impugned, the provisions of sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act could not be properly applied to defeat the evidence of traditional history accepted by the trial court. With respect, the court below is therefore wrong in law, in its application of sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act and that the cases cited, vide Pius Amakor v. Benedict Obiefuna (1974) 3 SC 67; also reported in (1974) 1 ALLNLR 119, were not properly applied. For instance in Amakor’s case (supra) it was decided as follows:
“Generally speaking, as a claim for trespass to land is rooted in exclusive possession, all plaintiff need to prove is that he has exclusive possession, or he has the right to such possession of the land in dispute, but once a defendant claims to be the owner of the land in dispute, title to it is put in issue, and, in order to succeed, the plaintiff must show a better title (sic) than that of the defendant.” Per Fatayi Williams, JSC (as he then was) at page 128.
In a case such as the instant case, in which the plaintiff has proved title by traditional history there is no additional burden on such plaintiff to also prove exclusive possession because the presumption is that the person having title to the land is in lawful possession. In Makinde v. Akinwale (2000) FWLR (Pt.25) 1562; (2000) 2 NWLR (Pt.645) 435 it was decided thus:-
“If the traditional history had truly broken down, the appellants’ case would have been destroyed. But in the circumstances of the present case, section 145 is wholly inapplicable, in my view, because the appellants have indeed succeeded in proving their title through traditional history which was sufficiently supported by the evidence accepted by the lower court. The inference of the respondents’ possession of the land in dispute would be that it is trespassory. The appellants would securely rely on their title and regard the respondents as trespassers.”
Per Uwaifo, JSC at page 1582 paragarphs E – F.
And in Okafor v. ldigo (1984) 1 SCNLR 481, it was held that:
“Frequent and positive numerous acts within living memory are not essential to justify the inference of exclusive ownership of land under native law and custom where there is conclusive traditional evidence of ownership.” Per Obaseki JSC at page 496 paragraph A.”
Thus, once title has been proved, the person having title to the land is presumed to be in lawful possession and the other does not acquire possession by his act of trespass vide Akinterinwa v. Oladunjoye (2000) FWLR (Pt. 10) 1690 at 1711 paragraphs C – D; (2000) 6 NWLR (Pt.659) 92; Ayinla v. Sijuwola (1984) 1 SCNLR 410 at 426 paragraph C. Once the plaintiff in a case proves title by one of the five methods by which ownership of land may be proved, the provisions of sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act cannot operate against him.
See Idundun v. Okumagba (1976) 9 – 10 SC 227; Kyari v. Alkali (2001) 5 SC (Pt. 11) 192 at 201 lines 12 to 30; (2001) 11 NWLR (Pt.724) 736. Moreover, for the law is that for section 46 of the Evidence Act to apply in favour of the party pleading it, there must be proof or admission by the other party that the land in dispute is surrounded by other lands belonging to the party craving its aid. See Onwuka v. Ediala (supra) at page] 82, 199 – 200 paragraphs H – C. From the foregoing, I hold that it is obvious that the setting aside of the award of damages and order of injunction by the court below was palpably wrong in law. A fortiori, I accordingly proceed without equivocation to resolve the issue herein in favour of the appellant.
Issue No.4
The issue asks whether the decision by the court below on the main appeal resolve the issues in the cross-appeal. If not, was the court below right in dismissing the cross-appeal without a determination of the issues therefrom
The issues involved in the cross-appeal:
(i) were the failure of the learned trial Judge to consider evidence of alterations of exhibit “E” which were visible on its face;
(ii) wrong apportionment of burden of proof by the learned trial Judge as it concerns the ownership of Egwebara lake;
(iii) the failure of the learned trial Judge to determine the probative value of exhibit “E”;
(iv) the propriety of the decision of the learned trial Judge in awarding the Egwebara lake to the respondent who did not counter-claim; and
(v) whether it was a proper decision by the trial Judge to award only N1,000 as damages for trespass.
None of the above issues was determined by the court below yet the learned Justice who delivered the judgment of the court said as follows:
“What I have been trying to say above, perhaps imperfectly, in my view takes care of and covers the issue No.5, determines the appeal and disposes of the cross-appeal. In sum, based on my resolution of the issues the appeal ought to be allowed and the cross appeal be dismissed. The cross-appeal is dismissed accordingly.”
Be it noted that Issue No.5 in the appeal before the court below was on sections 46 and 146 of the Evidence Act. That issue, and indeed none of the other issues, flowed from the issues in the cross-appeal. Put differently and as can be seen, the issues in the cross-appeal did not depend on the issues in the main appeal.
In this wise, I am in agreement with the appellant that in the circumstances the failure of the court below to determine the issues in the cross-appeal amounted to a denial of fair hearing and resulted in a miscarriage of justice. See Alakija v. Medical Disciplinary Committee (1959) SCNLR 87; (1959) 4 FSC 38; Mora v. Nwalusi (1962) 2 SCNLR 73 and Stool of Abinabina v. Enyimadu 12 WACA 171 at 173.
This conclusion is inevitable in the sense that the cross-appeal challenges the award of the Egwebara lake by the trial court to the respondent and by allowing the appeal and dismissing the cross-appeal (without considering the issues) the court below has unwittingly granted free ingress and egress to the respondent through the land in dispute to the lake irrespective of any right of possession in the appellants which is unaffected by the judgment of the court below, dismissing the claim.
Although it has been held that the result of a Court of Appeal failing to pronounce on all material issues raised before it depends on the facts and circumstances of each case, for which see the case of The State v. Ajie (2000) 11 NWLR (Pt. 678) 434 at page 448, I had occasion in this court to point out in that case it was a proper case to hold without hesitation that the failure of Court of Appeal to consider the issues in the cross-appeal amounted to a denial of fair hearing resulting in a miscarriage of justice.
Where the ultimate conclusion is that of miscarriage of justice the consequential order has been held to be one for a retrial. However, in a case such as the instant appeal where the issues not considered affected a cross-appeal and the subject of the cross-appeal is a lake, said to be tiny inside a vast parcel of land, instead of an order for a retrial, judgment should be entered for the appellant once it is decided that the Court of Appeal was wrong and the issues ought to be resolved in favour of the appellant as in Onwuka v. Ediala (1989) 1 NWLR (Pt. 96) 182 at page 200 paragraphs B – C.
It now remains to see if there was a miscarriage of justice by the failure to consider the issues – (i) – (v) set out above, for which brief arguments will now be proffered as summarized earlier.
The first constituting (i), (ii) and (iii) was the failure of the learned trial Judge to consider evidence of alterations on exhibit “E” which were visible on its face.
The exhibit is not copied but along with exhibits “D” and “F”, were shown to have been tampered with as corrections were made with the aid of “tipex”. Even the suit number was corrected with the aid of tipex. It was also shown that the characters in exhibit “D”, “E” and “F” are the same as those in the amended statement of defence. The defendant (DW1) admitted these facts under cross-examination. The point being made there is that on the face of it, it was obvious that the exhibit had been tampered with and the learned trial Judge ought to have consider the weight to be attached to it particularly as the same judgment was pleaded by the plaintiffs but was lost. Instead of deciding that those exhibits were unreliable, the learned trial Judge held that they were “allegations of falsification or fraudulent procurement” and so “allegations of crime” which ought to have been specifically pleaded “and” since they were not pleaded all evidence extracted under such line of cross-examination should be discountenanced”. The learned trial Judge then decided that the onus was on the plaintiff to prove the allegation beyond reasonable doubt, citing section 138(1) of Evidence Act. By so holding, the learned trial Judge failed to draw a distinction between “to tamper” with a document and “to forge” or “to falsify” it. To tamper with a document has the effect of rendering it unreliable but to forge or falsify it would nullify it completely. The learned trial Judge’s decision was, therefore, contrary to the decision in Agbonifo v. Aiwereoba (1988) 1 NWLR (Pt. 70) 325 at page 341 paragraphs B-F. In the latter case, the trial court found that a cello-tape was put over the name of the allottee and held that the documents were unreliable. But the Court of Appeal set aside the finding on the ground that the appellant did not plead and prove fraud. On appeal to the Supreme Court, the finding of the trial court was upheld because fraud was not in issue. It was further held that the trial court was “perfectly entitled to infer from what is obvious on the face of it that they had been tampered with.” With respect, the learned trial Judge in the instant case herein on appeal, was wrong to hold that there was allegation of fraudulent procurement and the court below was equally wrong to have failed to consider the issue in the cross-appeal. From the circumstances, the correct decision would be to hold that exhibit “E” had no probative value. This, the court below failed to hold. Had this point been considered, the cross – appeal would have been upheld. In Rockonoh Property Co. Ltd. v. Nigerian Telecommunications Plc & Anor. (2001) 7 SC (Pt. III) 154; (2001) H 14 NWLR (Pt.733) 468 it was held that “the law does not permit evidence which is of no probative value to be relied upon by a party, nor to be acted upon by a party, nor to be acted upon by the court. .. ” Page 176, lines 5 to 26 per Uwaifo, JSC.
As regards issue (iv), the principle of law applicable is that a court has no jurisdiction to grant to a party that which he does not claim vide Ayanboye v. Balogun (1990) 5 NWLR (Pt.151) 392, 413 paragraph E; Akinterinwa v. Oladunjoye (supra) at page 1703 paragraph C; Ige v. Olunloyo (1984) ALL NLR 150 at pages 150 at pages 158 to 159; (1984) 1 SCNLR 158 at pages 168 to 169 B – A. Indeed, it is settled law that a court has no vires to grant a relief not sought by the parties vide Atser v. Gachi (1997) 6 NWLR (Pt. 510) 609 at 630; Ladoke v. Olobayo (1992) 8 NWLR (Pt. 261) 605 at 619 – 630; and Agbanelo v. UBN (Nig.) Ltd. (2000) 7 NWLR (Pt. 666) 534 at 559.
What in effect it means is that, the learned trial Judge in the instant case on appeal herein, was wrong to have awarded the Egwebara lake to the defendants who did not counter-claim and the court below ought to have reversed that decision.
On the fifth (v) issue above I agree with the appellants’ submission that the award of N1000:00 for general damages by the trial court ought also to have been reviewed by the court below. This is the more so that the award was not based on any evidence or any principle of law. Thus, while it is appreciated that in awarding general damages, it is within the discretion of a court to make its own assessment albeit that such an exercise must be related to the evidence. The contention in the case in hand is that the award of N1000.00 as general damages by the trial court was manifestly too low in a case where the defendant admitted using the land, lakes and ponds and making money therefrom. He also admitted that there are many lakes and ponds on the land in dispute. The trial court did not make any assessment and the court below did not consider this issue at all. Whereas, in this case, the award of general damages has been shown to be manifestly too low, on appeal such general damages will be altered as decided in Dumez (Nig.) Ltd. v. Patrick Nwaka Ogboli (1972) 3 SC 196 at 204 to 205.
In sum, the decision of the court below should be set aside and the appeal allowed in its entirety while the judgment of the trial court should be restored except the award of the Egwebara lake to the respondent which should be set aside. Appeal allowed with costs assessed at N10,000 to the appellant.
SC.409/2001
