Diokpa Francis Onochie & Ors V. Ferguson Odogwu & Ors (2006)

LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report

OGBUAGU, J.S.C.

The main appeal is against the decision of the Court of Appeal, Benin Division, delivered on 4th April, 2001, allowing the appeal of the defendants/respondents from the decision of the High Court of Delta State sitting at Asaba delivered on 20th July, 1998 by Odita, J. The respondents have also cross-appealed.

Dissatisfied with the said decision, while the appellants have appealed to this court on three (3) grounds of appeal, the respondents’ appeal is based on one lone ground of appeal.

The respondents have raised a preliminary objection and contend that grounds 2 and 3 of the notice of appeal are incurably bad and incompetent. They urge the court to strike out the said grounds and any arguments founded on them. The ground of the objection is stated as follows:

“1. Non-compliance with Order 8 rules 2 & 4 of the Supreme Court rules –

(a) Grounds 2 & 3 did not constitute or disclose any error in law either on the main body and or with the particulars thereof The particulars stated are mere factual arguments and not particulars of any error committed by the learned Justices (sic) (meaning by) in the judgment complained of.

(b) The complaints in the two grounds of appeal are in fact and in effect complaints of facts or mixed law and fact and plaintiffs did not obtain leave to appeal as required by the Constitution.”

I note that at the hearing of this appeal, the learned counsel for the respondents did not apply/seek leave of the court before the hearing of the appeal to move the said objection. The consequence is that the preliminary objection is deemed by the court as having been abandoned. See – the cases of Chief Nsirim v. Nsirim (1990) 3 NWLR (Pt. 138) 285; (1990) 5 SCNJ 174; Salami v. Mohammed (2000) 9 NWLR (Pt. 673) 469; (2000) 6 SCNJ 281 and recently, Tiza & Anor. v. Begha (2005) 5 SCNJ 168 at 178; (2005) 15 NWLR (Pt. 949) 616 just to mention but a few. The preliminary objection is accordingly struck out.

The facts of the case briefly stated are that the appellants were the plaintiffs in Suit No. A/24/95 at the High Court in Asaba, Delta State. They sued in a representative capacity and claimed declarations that the land in dispute is the communal land of both the plaintiffs and the defendants and therefore that the two parties are entitled to the statutory or customary right of occupancy over the said land. Pleadings were filed and exchanged. After hearing evidence and the addresses of the learned counsel for the parties, in a considered judgment delivered on 20th July, 1998, the learned trial Judge entered judgment in favour of the appellants in respect of the reliefs in Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 of their claims. He also made an order setting aside as null and void any sale, lease, mortgage, pledge, charge, exchange or any act touching the land in dispute. See pages 95 to 134 of the records.

Dissatisfied with the said decisions, the defendants/respondents, appealed to the court below. The parties filed and exchanged their respective briefs of argument. The parties also made oral submissions. The Court of Appeal, allowed the appeal and set aside the judgment of the trial court mainly on issue No. 1 raised by the appellants in that court. See pages 238 to 253 of the records. Both sides have appealed against the said judgment on different grounds.

The appellants have formulated one (1) lone issue for determination, namely,

“Whether the learned Justices of the court below were right in holding that exhibits 1-4 are inadmissible in evidence for non-compliance with section 7 of the Public Archives Act.”

At page 4 of the respondents’ /cross-appellants’ brief, under “Part II”, they have formulated their issue No.1 thus:

“Whether the learned Justices were wrong in law in holding that exhibits 1 – 4 did not comply with section 7 of the Public Archives Act and therefore inadmissible in evidence:”

In order to determine the said issues of the parties which are the same in substance, but are couched differently, it will be pertinent to reproduce the provisions of the said section 7 of the said Act (hereinafter called “the Act”). It reads thus:

“The Director shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed. When any copy or reproduction of a document in the custody of the Director is certified to be a true copy by the Director or by any officer of the Department of Federal Archives authorised by him in that behalf and is authenticated by such official seal, such copy or reproduction shall be admitted in evidence as proof of the contents of the original document as if it were the original document.”

Now, in the court below, issue No. 1 of the respondents/cross-appellants is:

“Was the learned trial Judge right in holding that exhibits 1-4 complied with section 7 of the Public Archives Act so as to render them inadmissible in evidence as originals”

The learned trial judge had, after unequivocally stating that section 7 of the Act is very clear and unambiguous, referred to the evidence of the PW 1, who tendered the four (4) exhibits in question and at page 122 lines 12 to 24, he stated as follows:

“I am firm that section 7 of the Public Archives Act quoted above was meticulously complied with by PW 1. I therefore, hold that exhibits 1 to 4 are now original documents following section 7 of the Public Archives Act quoted above. Consequently, I do not agree with Mr. Okonkwo. Section 97(1)(e), 109(b), 111 and 114 of the Evidence Act do not prevent exhibits 1 to 4 for (sic) (meaning from) being accepted as original documents. I accept them as such.”

The court below, at page 247 lines 7 to 27, reproduced what it considered as the relevant portions of the evidence of the PW1 and related the same to the said section 7 of the Act. At pages 248 and 249 of the records, it held (per Ba’aba, JCA,) as follows:

“From a careful study of section 7 of the Public Archives Act, it is clear in my view on the literal meaning that any copy (sic) or reproduction of a document in the custody of the Director must be certified to be a true copy by the Director or by any officer of the Department of the Federal Archives authorized by him in that behalf and is authenticated by such official seal.

It follows therefore, that the absence of the Director’s authorisation to PW1 as well as the absence of authenticity by the Director’s seal is a clear non-compliance with the provisions of section 7 of the Public Archives Act. It is therefore unsafe to assume that PW1 obtained the authorisation of the Director in the absence of any evidence to that effect. The absence of the Director’s official seal has certainly affected the authenticity of exhibit 4, thereby rendering it inadmissible under section 7 of the said Act. I agree with the submission of the learned Senior Advocate of Nigeria for the appellants that PW1 himself did not claim that he was authorized by the Director in his evidence nor did he claim that exhibit 4 was authenticated by the Director’s official seal. The impression I have from the evidence of PW1 is that he was directly contacted to tender the documents including exhibits 4 and through his own efforts, traced the documents which he brought to the court and tendered. It is interesting to note that PW1 in fact never mentioned the Director through out his evidence, giving an impression that as a Senior Archivist Asst. he is either unaware of the provision of Section 7 of the Public Archives Act or decided to ignore the said provisions. With respect, to the learned counsel for the respondents, I disagree with his submission that since exhibit 4 was tendered without objection, the appellants can not now complain. There is statutory provision providing for the admission in evidence of a copy of (sic) (meaning or) reproduction of a document in the custody of the Director of the Department of the Federal Archives which I believe must be complied with, in the tendering of such documents like exhibit 4 in the instant case. With the greatest respects to the learned trial Judge, who apparently did not address his mind to the vital issues, relating to the admissibility of the documents, I disagree that Section 7 of the Public Archives Act, was meticulously complied with consequently.

I hold that exhibit 4 admitted without complying with the provisions of the said section 7, is inadmissible.”

I agree.

It is noted by me and as rightly submitted by the learned counsel for the respondents/cross appellants in the brief that not only did the appellants and their learned counsel, in any manner not fault the above pronouncements by the court below, at page 14 of their brief, under their paragraph 6. 08 after stating the “salient features of section 7, is stated as follows:

“Now, on each page of exhibits 1-4, one can see the stamp of the Director of National Archives and the name, number and signature of PW1 showing that he signed each exhibit for and on behalf of the Director. So far as can be visually ascertained from the record, no trace of the Director’s seal (whether affixed or embossed), appears on any of the exhibits under consideration.”

After the above concession italicized by me, at paragraph 6.10 of their brief, the following appear:

“Since the court below was satisfied or, at least, impressed that exhibits 1-4 emanated from the National Archives albeit through the personal efforts of PW1 who F brought them to court, the crucial and pertinent question which arises is this: Are exhibits 1-4 absolutely inadmissible in evidence in all circumstances or at all events in law or are they inadmissible because the Director did not himself certify them or authorize their certification or because of the absence of the Director’s official seal” (Italics mine)

It is then submitted that exhibits 1-4 do not belong to the kindred or class of documents which are absolutely inadmissible in evidence in any event in law. That their admissibility is only dependent on or made subject to certain conditions. That since exhibits 1-4 are not absolutely inadmissible in any event in law, but are admissible subject to certain conditions and since the same were admitted without any objection, the respondents are deemed to have waived their right to complain and that the court below could not properly re-open the question as to their admissibility. The cases of Salawu Jagun Olukade (not Salau Jagun Okulade as stated in both briefs of the parties) v. Abolade Alade (1976) 1 All NLR (Pt. 1) 67 at 73 -74 (it is also reported in (1976) 2 SC 183, 188-189) – per Idigbe, JSC: Chief Bruno Etim & Ors. v. Chief Okon Udo Ekpe & Anor (1983) 3 SC 12 at 36 – 37 (it is also reported in (1983) 1 SCNLR 120 – per Aniagolu, JSC, and Oguma Associated Companies (Nig.) Ltd. v. International Bank for West Africa Ltd. (1988) 1 NWLR (Pt. 73) 658 at 670 – per Agbaje, JSC (It is also reported in (1988) 3 SCNJ 13.) Learned counsel also cited and relied on the cases of Nathaniel Okeke v. Akunkwe Obidife & Ors. (1965) NMLR 113 at 115; Chukwura Akunne v. Mathias Ekwuno & Ors. (1952) 14 WACA 59 at 60; and Kossen (Nig.) Ltd. & Anor. v. Savannah Bank of Nigeria Ltd. (1995) 9 NWLR (Pt. 420) 439. (It is also reported in (1995) 12 SCNJ 29). He stated that all the above authorities and more were extensively reviewed in the recent case of Unity Life & Fire Ins. Co. Ltd. v. International Bank of West Africa Ltd. (2001) 7 NWLR (Pt. 713) 610 at 627 – per Iguh, JSC. He finally cited and relied on the case of Ibrahim Khalil Yassin v. Barclays Bank DCO (1968) 1 All NLR 171 at 179 – per Lewis, JSC.

But with the greatest respect, the said cases are distinguishable to the admitted clear and unambiguous provision of section 7 of the Act which is mandatory. In the first place, in Olukade v. Alade (supra), it is settled that where inadmissible evidence has been admitted, it is the duty of the court not to act upon it. It is immaterial that its admission was as a result of the consent of the opposite party or that party’s default in failing to make objection at the proper time. That the Court of Appeal has the power to reject such evidence and decide the case on legal evidence. See also Owonyin v. Omotosho (1961) 1 All NLR (Pt.11) 304 at 305. (1961) 2 SCNLR 57 at 61 and Idowu Alashe & Ors. v. Olori Ilu & Ors. (1965) NMLR 66 at 67; (both referred to by the court below): Yassin v. Barclays Bank DCO (supra) and Thanni v. Saibu (1977) 2 SC 89 at 112 – 113; and many others.

I want to state straightaway that it is not true/correct, that there was no objection from the learned counsel of the respondents/cross-appellants to the admissibility of the said exhibits. At pages 50-52 of the records, I note that when the learned counsel to the plaintiffs – Mr. Anyaduba sought to tender exhibit 1 through the PW1, the learned counsel to the respondents/cross-appellants – Mr. Okonkwo objected albeit on some other ground. He was overruled by the trial court, thus:

“… There is clear foundation was laid (sic). The document was pleaded. The document ought not to come from the trial court. How it got to the National Archives does not matter.”

I am inclined to agree with the submission of the learned counsel for the respondents/cross-appellants at page 12 of their brief that in view of the stance of the learned trial Judge in respect of exhibit 1, he was likely to overrule any subsequent objections to the admissibility of the other exhibits.

In order to show that I am in no way “speculating”, since this court is bound by the records before it, I note that at page 118 lines 17 to 27 of the records, the learned trial Judge stated as follows:

” … Mr. E. E. Okonkwo learned counsel for the defendants launched heavy attach (sic) (meaning attack) on exhibits 1, 2, 3 and 4 tendered and relied upon in this case by the plaintiffs. He contended that exhibits 1 to 4 are photocopies of public documents and that section 97(1)(e), 105(b), 111 and 114 of the Evidence Act put beyond doubt exhibit 1 to 4 (sic) out of admissibility in this court. He further contended that if his submission is acceptable by the court, then this court ought to dismiss the plaintiffs’ claim … ” (italics mine)

Of course, Mr. Okonkwo, in my respectful view, was right and entitled to “launch” an attack on the admissibility of the said exhibit in his address or even on appeal. This is because in Olukade v. Alade (supra), it was held, firstly, that where inadmissible evidence is tendered, that it is the duty of the opposite party or his counsel to object immediately. That if he fails to do so, that the trial court in civil cases may and in criminal cases must reject such evidence ex proprio motu.

Secondly, that where evidence is by law inadmissible in any event, that it ought never be acted upon in court (whether of first instance or of appeal) and that it is immaterial that its admission in evidence was as a result of consent of the opposite party or that party’s default in failing to make objection at the proper time.

As a matter of fact, the principle of English Common Law as to the different categories relating to admissibility of documents in evidence which were stated in the case of Gilbert v. Endean (1878) 9 CH.D. 259 at 269 were applied in Olukade v. Alade’s case (supra). It is not applied to section 96 of the Evidence Act. Now, in the case of Mrs. Elizabeth N. Anyaebosi v. R. T. Briscoe (Nig.) Ltd. (1987) 6 SC 15 at 17, 21, 25, 43 – 52, 62 – 68; (1987) 3 NWLR (Pt. 59) 84, the different categories of evidence were dealt with. See also recently, Alhaji Shittu & 3 Ors. v. Otunba Fashawe (2005) 7 SC. (Pt. 11) 107; (2005) Vol. 12 MISC 68 at 86 – 90; (2005) 14 NWLR (Pt. 946) 671 – per Musdapher, JSC for instance,

(a) document not one that is inadmissible in any event at page 63 – Kabiri-Whyte, JSC .

(b) category of evidence legally inadmissible and cannot under any circumstances, constitute evidence in the case at the trial or on appeal even where admitted by consent. See Owonyin v. Omotosho; Alashe v. Ilu; Yassin v. Barclays Bank D.C.O. (all supra); Ikenya v. Ofunne (1985) 2 NWLR (Pt. 5) 1; Osho & Anor. v. Ape (1998) 6 SCNI 139 at 152 – 153; (1998) 8 NWLR (Pt. 562) 492 and recently, Nwanji v. Coastal Services (Nig.) Ltd. (2004) 6 SCNI 146 at 160 – 161; (2004) 11 NWLR (Pt. 885) 552.

(c) category of evidence which is admissible if admitted without objection by the other party and where the admission, did not affect the result of the case. See Ajayi v. Fisher (1956) 1 FSC 90 at 92; (1956) 1 SCNLR 279 R. v. Thomas (1958) 3 FSC 8; (1958) SCNLR 98, Akadile v. The State (1971) 1 All NLR 18; Idundun v. Okumagba (1976) 9 – 10 SC 227 at 245 and Okeke v. Obidife (supra) just to mention but a few. That is to say, that the other party, is not entitled thereafter, to complain where such evidence, was admitted at the trial without objection. See also Dipo Ayinde & Anor. v. Alhaji Salawu (1989) 3 NWLR (pt. 109) 297 (1989) 5 SCNJ 133.

I have stated that Mr. Okonkwo was right and entitled to raise the objection not only during the address at the trial court, but the objection could be raised on appeal. This again is because, and this is settled, that neither a trial court nor the parties have the power to admit without objection a document that is no way or circumstance admissible in law. See Chief Etim v. Chief Ikpe (supra); Oba Oseni & 14 Ors. v. Dawodu & 2 ors. (1994) 4 NWLR (Pt. 339) 390 at 405 – 406; (1994) 4 SCNJ (Pt. 11) 197 citing Alashe & Ors. v. Ilu & Ors. and Olukade v. Alade (supra) and recently, Chief Alao v. Akano & Ors. (2005) 4 SC 25 at 32, (2005) 4 SCNJ 65 at 74; (2005) Vol. 10 MJSC (Monthly Judgments of the Supreme Court of Nigeria) 137 at 109; (2005) 11 NWLR (Pt. 935) 160.

It is firmly established that if a document is wrongly received in evidence before the trial court, an Appellate Court has the inherent jurisdiction to exclude it although counsel at the lower court did not object to its going in. See also Mallam Yaya v. Mogoga (1947) 12 WACA 132 at 133 and of course Alashe v. Ilu (supra), and Anyanwale & Ors. v. Atanda & Anor. (1988) 1 SC 1 at 3 (1988) 1 SCNJ 1 at 20; (1988) 1 NWLR (Pt. 68) 22.

Indeed, in the case of Osho & Anor. v. Michael Ape (1998) 6 SCNJ 139 at 152-153; (1998) 8 NWLR (Pt. 562) 492; Onu JSC. stated as follows:

“I am not oblivious of the fact that it is not the law that once a document is received in evidence without objection by a party, then such a party is forever automatically estopped, even in the appellate court, from raising the issue of its admissibility. Thus, if a document is unlawfully received in evidence at the trial, an appellate court has inherent jurisdiction to exclude and discountenance the document even though counsel at the trial court did not object to its going into evidence.”

The learned Jurist continued thus:

“Accordingly, although a document was unlawfully received in evidence without objection by or on behalf of an appellant, it would still be open to him in the appellate court, particularly where such an appellant has infact suffered injustice as a result, or a miscarriage of justice is thereby occasioned, to object to it since it is the duty of the appellate court to exclude inadmissible evidence which was erroneously received in evidence during the trial.”

His Lordship cited or referred to several decided cases including those already cited and relied on by me hereinabove in this judgment. In Nwanji v. Coastal Services (Nig.) Ltd. (supra), Uwaifo, JSC stated that such evidence/document must be discountenanced as it goes to no issue.

I note that the court below also dealt with the effect of the admission of inadmissible document/evidence by a trial court. It referred to a number of cases – Union Bank of (Nig.) Ltd. v. Prof Ozigi (1994) 3 NWLR (Pt. 333) 385 402 (it is also reported in 1994) 3 SCNJ 42); Udeze & 2 Ors. v. Chidebe & 4 Ors. (1990) 1 NWLR (Pt. 125) 141 (it is also reported in (1990) 1 SCNJ 104); Idundun v. Okumagba (1976) 9-10 SC 227 (supra) and Oba Ipinlaye II v. Chief Olukotun (1996) 6 NWLR (Pt. 453) 148, 167 – per Iguh, JSC, which it reproduced, (it is also reported in (1996) 6 SCNJ 74 and Okonji & Ors. v. Njokanma & Ors. (1991) 7 NWLR (Pt. 202) 131, 146 (it is also reported in (1991) 9 – 10 SCNJ 27).

I have deliberately gone this far because, in the instant case, the PW 1 did not say or even suggest firstly, that the Director’s seal or official seal (which shall be judicially noticed) was/appears on any of the said exhibits. I have noted/reproduced hereinabove in this judgment that it is conceded by the appellants and their learned counsel, that as far as can be visually ascertained from the record, there is no trace of the Director’s seal (whether affixed or embossed) that appears on any of the exhibits under consideration – i.e. exhibits 1 to 04.

E Secondly, there is no iota of evidence by/from the PW1 that he was ever/duly authorized by the Director in that behalf – i.e. when he the PW 1 – a senior Archivist Assistant, National Archives, Ibadan effected the said certification. The learned counsel for the appellants under the said paragraph 6.08, stated that the certification of each of the said exhibits was done/effected by the PW1 and “on behalf of the Director”. But the PW1 did not say that before, during or after the said certification, he was so authorized to do so by the Director on behalf of whom he signed the certification or that the Director ever ratified such certification by him.

The court below was therefore right in my respectful view when it held at the said page 248 of the records that the absence of the Director’s authorization to PW1 as well as the absence of authenticity by the Director’s seal is a clear non-compliance with the provisions of Section 7 of the Public Archives Act.

I also agree with the court below that the absence of the Director’s official seal has certainly affected the authenticity of exhibit 4, thereby rendering it inadmissible under the said Act. The court below was right also when it held that the error of law committed by the trial court occasioned a substantial miscarriage of justice and that without the admission of exhibit 4 in evidence the decision of that court would have been otherwise.

With profound humility and respect, the submission in paragraph 6.19 of the appellants’ brief that there is a presumption in favour of the PW 1 that exhibits I – 4 were certified substantially in accordance with the law relying on section 114(1) and (2) of the Evidence Act, Cap. 112 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, is completely misconceived.

It is further submitted in paragraph 6.20 of the said brief “that once a document (such as exhibits 1-4) is found to be admissible in law, the court is obliged to presume that a certified copy of such a document is genuine and that it has been regularly certified as a true copy of the officer charged with the responsibility of doing so.” That the maxim of “omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta” operates in favour of the PW1 that he was duly authorized by the Director to certify the said exhibits. The cases of Re Randle, Nelson & Anor. v. Akofiranmi (1962) 1 SCNLR 252, (1962) All NLR 130 and Obazee Ogiamien & Anor. v. Obahon Ogiamien (1967) NMLR 245; (1967) 1 All NLR 191, have been cited and relied on for this proposition.

Remarkably, the court below, and lightly in my view, never found the said exhibits to be admissible in law. Rather, the contrary was found and I agree. As rightly observed/noted by the court below, the PW1 did not claim that he was ever authorized by the Director to so certify nor did he claim that exhibit 4 was authenticated by the Director’s official seal.

It is now firmly settled that in the interpretation of a statute, where its interpretation will result in defeating its object, the court would not lend its weight to such an interpretation. The language of the statute must not be stretched (as has been done in the appellant’s brief) to defeat the aim of the statute. See Ansaldo (Nig.) Ltd. v. National Provident Fund Management Board (1991) 2 NWLR (Pt. 174) 392 at 405; (1991) 3 SCNJ 22.

In other words, the interpretation which appears to defeat the intention of the legislature should be bye-passed in favour of that which would further the object of the Act, See Hill v. East & West India Dock Co. (1884) A.C. 448 at 456; Rein v. Lane (1867) L. R. 2 QB 144 at 157 and Curtis v. Stovin (1889) 22 Q.B.D 513 (both per Bowen, L.J and in Curtis’s case at 519 – per Fry, L.J.); Hankey v. Clave ring (1942) 2 K.B 326 at 330 – per Lord Green, M. R. For our local cases, see Savannah Bank (Nig.) Ltd. & Anor. v. Ajilo & Anor. (1989) 1 NWLR (Pt. 97) 305 at 326; (1989) 1 SCNJ 169 – per Obaseki, JSC, citing Shannon Realties Ltd. v. Ville de St. Michel (1924) A. C. 185; International Bank for West Africa Ltd. v. Imano (Nig.) Ltd. & Anor. (1988) 3 NWLR (Pt. 85) 633 – per Wali, JSC.

This is why it is firmly settled that where the provisions of a statute are clear and unambiguous, the court must give those provisions their literal and ordinary interpretation. See Ojokolobo & Ors. v. Alamu & Anor. (1987) 3 NWLR (pt. 61) 377, (1987) 7 SCNJ 98; Chief Mayaki & 2 Ors. v. The Registrar Yaba Magistrate Court 4 & 5 Ors. (1990) 2 NWLR (Pt. 130) 43 C.A. just to mention but a few.

The provision of section 7 of the Act as I have noted hereinabove in this judgment and as held by the trial court is so clear and unambiguous that it needs no fanciful embellishments. Afterall, the word “Shall”, was interpreted in the case of Chief Ifezue v. Mbadugha & Anor. (1984) 5 S.C 79; (1984) 1 SCNLR 427; (1984) 15 NSCC 314. Its use in a statute or rules of court makes it mandatory that the rule or provision must be observed. See Mokelu v. Federal Commissioner for Works & Housing (1976) 3 SC 35 and Madam Alake Aroyewun v. Joseph Adebanji (1976) 11 SC 33. In Longman Dictionary of the English Language, it is stated that “shall” is used to express a command or exhortation or what is legally mandatory. See also the case of Amokeodo v. Inspector-General of Police & 2 Ors. (1999) 5 SCNJ 71 at 81 – 82; (1999) 6 NWLR (Pt. 607) 467.

Now, in the case of Anyakora & 4 Ors. v. Obiakor & 8 Ors. (1990) 2 NWLR (Pt. 130) 52 C.A. which also dealt with the duty of a court in the construction of a statute like a document in Public Archives, it was held that the reasons for authenticating public documents by a designated official to enable its admissibility, are stated to be-

(a) to obviate the necessity of calling officials to court to testify as to the genuiness of copies made from original documents or records of a public nature.

(b) to preserve those original documents or records, from being removed from their proper place of custody through requests that they be tendered in court.

It can/could be seen, why the mandatory nature/provision of the said section 7 of the Act. When once the provision is complied with, “such copy or reproduction shall be admitted in evidence as proof of the contents of the original documents as if it were the original document.”

This is why the trial court, as rightly held by the court below, was in grave error, after stating that section 7 of the Act “is very clear and unambiguous”, on the said evidence of the PW1 went ahead at the said page 122 lines 12 to 24 to make the said pronouncement which I had earlier in this judgment reproduced.

The consequence where inadmissible evidence is admitted, is that it must be expunged, it being immaterial whether such evidence/document was objected to or not. See the case of Saraki (Mrs.) v. Kotoye (1992) 9 NWLR (Pt. 264) 156 at 202 (1992) 12 SCNJ 26 also referred to in the case of Egbaran & 2 Ors. v. Akpotor & 3 Ors. (1997) 7 SCNJ 392 at 402; (1997) 7 NWLR (Pt. 514) 559.

I therefore render my answer to the lone issue of the appellants in the affirmative/positive, while in respect of that of the respondents it is in the negative.

In the final analysis or end result, I hold that this appeal lacks merit in the extreme. It fails and it is accordingly dismissed. I hereby affirm the decision of the court below. Costs follow the event. The respondents are awarded N10,000.00 (ten thousand naira) costs payable to them by the appellants.

The Cross Appeal.

In respect of the cross-appeal, the respondents/cross appellants have raised one issue for determination based on the single ground of appeal which reads as follows:

“The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal misdirected themselves in law when they held:

“Having disposed of the appeal on issue No.1, I do not intend to proceed to determine the remaining issues as it will amount to an academic exercise.”

The lone issue therefore is,

Whether in the circumstance of the appeal, the learned Justices were right when they held as reproduced herein above.

The appellants/cross respondents have adopted the said issue of the respondents/cross appellants.

Now, in dealing with this issue, there is no doubt and this is firmly established in some of the decisions of this court to the effect that it is the duty of an intermediate appellate court to deal with/consider and pronounce on all issues properly raised before it except in clearest cases. The breach of this duty may lead to an order for rehearing in appropriate cases. See Hon. Emmanuel O. Araka v. Ambrose N. Ejeagwu (2000) 12 SCNJ 206; (2000) 15 NWLR (Pt. 692) 684; Owodunni v. Registered Trustees of Celestial Church of Christ & 3 Ors. (2000) 6 SCNJ 299 at 426 – 427; (2000) 10 NWLR (Pt. 675) 315 citing some other cases therein. Ifeanyichukwu (Osondu) Co. Ltd. v. Soleh Boneh (Nig.) Ltd. (2000) 5 NWLR (Pt.656) 322 at 352; (2000) 3 SCNJ 18 at 38 and many others.

I note that at page 16 in the cross appellants’ brief, it is stated that the learned Justices “did in fact resolved (sic) issue No.2 in favour of the defendants”. At page 20 thereof under paragraph 3.3 the following appear;

“Issues four and six are tied to and rest on exhibit 4. Having resolved the question of admissibility of exhibit 4 and held that exhibit 4 is not one of the five ways of proving title to land, the appeal had in effect succeeded on issues four and six also. Consequently, the learned Justices ought not to have allowed the appeal only on issue No. 1 but also on issues 2, 4 and 6.” (the italics mine)

In No.3 of their paragraph 4.00 under “conclusion” of the said brief, it is stated as follows:

“The appeal in the court below succeeded also on issues 2, 4 and 6 and the judgment of the court below ought to have been based on these issues also. The learned justices were with respect wrong to have said that they allowed the appeal only on issue 1 when they in fact considered issues No.2 and ought in the circumstance of this case to have considered and based the judgment on the other issues canvassed in the brief.”

(Italics mine)

Although it is now settled that the judgment of the appellate court is the lead judgment – see the case of Chief Bola Ige v. Dr. Victor Omololu Olunloyo & Ors. (1984) 1 SC. 258 at 268; (1984) 1 SCNLR 158 – per Obaseki, JSC i.e. the judgment of the majority, I observe that at pages 254 to 259 of the records, Tobi, JCA (as he then was) in his concurring judgment considered other issues of the cross appellants before also allowing the appeal.

Now, an order of rehearing may be inappropriate where it is clear that no miscarriage of justice has been occasioned by the failure to deal with the issue or issues canvassed or that the irregularity is not that of a substantial nature so as to prejudice any of the parties. See Ayisa v. Akanji (1995) 7 NWLR (Pt. 406) 129; (1995) 7 SCNJ 245.

The cross appellants or their learned counsel have not in their brief and/or in the brief stated what miscarriage of justice has been occasioned to the cross appellants for the failure of the court below to state that it also allowed the appeal in respect of the said other issues. They have not told the court both in their brief or in oral submissions at the hearing of the appeal what prejudice the cross appellants have suffered by such failure.

As can be seen from what I have stated hereinabove, the learned counsel for the cross appellants conceded/confessed that the court below resolved issues No.2 in their favour. Since issues four (4) and six (6), are said by him to be tied to and rest on exhibit 4 and, therefore, that the appeal had in effect succeeded on the said issues four and six, in my respectful view, the compliant in this issues is uncalled for. The court below, as conceded by the learned counsel to the cross appellants, having considered and resolved the said issues in favour of the cross appellants, that it did not in so many words say that it also allowed the appeal on the other issues, at worst, is an irregularity that does not require this court holding that there is a breach of fair hearing and ordering a rehearing. I so hold.

Since this court has by a majority also held in the case of 7Up Bottling Co. Lid. & 2 Ors. v. Abiola & Sons Bottling Co. Ltd. (2001) 6 SCNJ 18; (2001) 13 NWLR (PI. 730) 469 that although it is the duty of an appellate court to consider all issues placed before it, but that where it is of the view that a consideration of one is enough to dispose of the appeal, it is not under any obligation to consider all the other issues posed. This cross appeal is without merit and it fails.

In the end result, for the reasons adumbrated by me hereinabove, this cross appeal, the lone ground of appeal and the issue in respect thereof, are dismissed by me. I also affirm the judgment of the court below. No order as to costs.

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SC.179/2001