Dr. Useni Uwah & Anor Vs.dr. Edmundson T. Akpabio & Anor (2014)

LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report

MUSA DATTIJO MUHAMMAD, JSC 

This is an appeal against the decision of the Calabar Division of the Court of Appeal (hereinafter referred to as the lower court) delivered on the 18th April, 2007 affirming the judgment of the Akwa-lbom High Court sitting at Uyo (hereinafter referred to as the trial court) in suit No. HU 368/97 delivered on 28th March, 2003. The respondents herein as plaintiffs commenced the PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 2 suit seeking the following reliefs:- (a) A declaration that the partnership of the plaintiffs and the defendants in Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School, Nwut Usiong, Division Itam, Itu, is still in existence and not yet dissolved. (b) A declaration that the plaintiffs are still part owners of the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School, Nwut Usiong, Itam, Itu and are therefore entitled to jointly manage same with the defendants and share in the profits and liabilities thereof. (c) An injunction restraining the defendants from continuing the management of the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School until partnership is dissolved. (d) An order of court appointing an officer of the Akwa-Ibom State judiciary as a receiver to manage the affairs of Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School for the plaintiffs and defendants and to dissolve the partnership of the School and share the proceeds equally to the partners.” The appellants as defendants at the trial court filed a defence and in their counter-claim sought the following reliefs:- (a) A declaration that the defendants are entitled to possession of the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School, Nwut Usiong, Itam, Itu Local Government, having fully paid for same. (b) An order for a refund of all monies collected/and or wrongly paid over to the plaintiffs after the defendants had paid for the school, being a total of 332,000.00k. (c) An injunction from further claiming and or moving into the school. (d) A declaration that Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School, Nwut Usiong Itam, Itu Local Government Area belongs to the defendants as at 28th September, 1998 when they fully paid for it.” At the end of the trial, the learned trial judge found for the plaintiffs and dismissed defendants’ counter-claim. Dissatisfied, the defendants appealed to the court below which court affirmed the trial court’s judgment. Still dissatisfied, the appellants have now appealed to this Court. The facts on the basis of which the appeal is brought are stated hereinunder. PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 3 The parties to this appeal, by Exhibit “1”, created the partnership that established and ran the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School at Nwut Usiong Itam in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa-lbom State. This was in 1982. The 1st appellant was made the chairperson of the Board of proprietors while the 2nd appellant was the Secretary of the Board and Principal of the School. The initial capital of the partnership was provided in equal shares by the appellants and the respondents who in terms are entitled to equal share of the venture’s profits and loss. The School attracted many students and tremendous patronage. Having agreed, upon the insistence of the appellants, to dissolve the partnership, the partners in December, 1994 engaged the services of Oyouko S. Oyouko, a legal practitioner, to supervise the dissolution in a manner that would be fair and equitable to all. Appellants and respondents met on 6th May, 1995 and agreed to sell the School, the subject matter of the partnership. The right of purchase of the School was to open to the general public only after the partners’ failure to exercise the right of purchase/refusal which was theirs in the first instance. Mr. Uyouko whom by agreement of the partnership in an earlier meeting had been made a signatory to the partnership accounts, ensured, see Exhibits “21” and “33”, that each partner had filled, signed and submitted to him a questionnaire without disclosing to the others what answers the particular partner provided in the questionnaire. Uyouko Esq. did not disclose the answers in the questionnaires to the partners either. The purchase price to an interested partner of 5.5 million naira was fixed by the partners themselves. Any partner wishing to buy the School, it was further agreed, was to submit a written bid along with a 3 million naira deposit in bank draft to Uyouko Esq. not later than 17th May, 1995. Deposits of less than 3 million naira would not be binding. The bid was to be made open to the general public at the expiration of the 17th May, 1995 deadline allowed any partner who wished to purchase the School. Whatever such a partner who was unable to meet the deadline deposited was to be refunded to him. All these terms are contained in the minutes of the partnership meeting of the 6th of May, 1995. The minutes, Exhibits “3” and “4”, were signed by the appellants, respondents and Oyouko Esq., their solicitor, too. At the 20th May, 1995 partnership meeting, the partners were notified that the appellants PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 4 who had indicated their desire to buy the School were yet to deposit the sum as and when agreed. Uyouko Esq. informed the partners that, as a result, he had thrown the bid open to the general public. 1st appellant pleaded that time be extended to 27th May, 1995 to enable them pay the 3 million naira minimum deposit before the bid was made open to the general public. The respondents agreed. Unknown to the respondents, the appellants by the 27th May, 1995 had paid nothing. They paid 1 million naira instalmentally beginning from 20th June, 1995, a fact conveyed to the respondents by Uyouko at a meeting the partners held on 5th August, 1995. The respondents rejected the development and by Exhibit “16” instructed that the appellants who were in breach of the agreement the partners made on the sale be refunded the money they paid and the School be sold by Uyouko to the general public. Uyouko, by Exhibit “5” of 28th August, 1995, conveyed this instruction to the appellants. Thereafter, the partnership persisted. Meetings were held by the partners who continued to share profits from the School. 1st and 2nd appellants, see Exhibit “8”, resumed their positions as Chairman and Secretary of the Board of proprietors and the Principal of the School respectively. The partners however removed Uyouko Esq. as signatory to the School’s accounts and terminated his services to the partnership. The appellants insisted in the meetings the partners held between 20th May and 20th September, 1997, that the partnership had been dissolved and having purchased it, they owned the School. Respondents reacted by commencing Suit No. HU/368/97 at the trial court against the appellants. The appellants defended the action. They also had their counter-claim. The trial court’s decision in favour of the respondents and the dismissal of the appellants’ counter-claim was affirmed by the court below. The instant appeal is against that court’s judgment to this Court. Parties had filed and exchanged their briefs, including appellants’ reply brief, as arguments for and against the appeal. The briefs were adopted and relied upon at the hearing of the appeal. The four issues the appellants distilled at paragraph 3, pages 7 -8 of the appellants’ brief, which issues the respondents also adopted in their brief as having arisen for the determination of the appeal, are:- “1 Whether the Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal were right in upholding the finding and action of the Learned Trial Judge, of excluding and/or rejecting evidence of further acts, meetings, decision and/or agreements made, held transpired and/or taken by or between the Appellants and the Respondents, PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 5 subsequent to exhibits 3 and 4, on the basis of exclusion of oral evidence by documentary evidence under section 132 of the Evidence Act, thereby resulting in the dismissal of the Appellants’ appeal. 2. Whether the Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal were right in refusing to hold the Partnership liable and committed to the action of the Solicitor engaged by both the Appellants and the Respondents to dissolve the same and sell the school (the subject of the partnership), of collecting the agreed deposit for the sale of the school to and from the Appellant and for extending the deadline for the payment thereof, under the law of Agency after upholding the finding of the learned Trial Judge that the said Solicitor was a common enemy to both the Appellant and the Respondents. 3. Whether the Leaned Justices of the Court of Appeal were right in affirming the resolution by the Learned Trial Judge of the issue of whether or not the Partnership between the parties had been dissolved by reference to the conduct and/or IPSE DIXIT” of the Appellants’ and the Respondents’ witnesses, as opposed to by the operation and/or consideration of established Legal principles. 4. Whether the Learned Justices of the Court of Appeal were right in affirming the decision of the Learned Trial Judge that the Counter claim of the Appellants before it lacked merit and should be dismissed.” Under the 1st issue, learned appellants’ counsel contends that evidence abound outside Exhibits “3” and “4” in proof of the agreement between the appellants and the solicitor on the former’s bid to purchase the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School. The record of appeal, it is contended, clearly discloses evidence subsequent to Exhibits “3” and “4”, the minutes of meeting of the partnership held on the 6th May, 1995, on the terms and conditions of the sale of the School agreed to by the partners and their Solicitor. Exhibits “3” and “4”, learned appellants’ counsel insists, only symbolize the commencement of the agreement. Exhibits “21” and “33”, the questionnaires, the parties filed, signed and returned to the solicitor, learned counsel submits, particularly establish the fact that the appellants were authorized by the solicitor to pay the purchase price for the School instalmentally. PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 6 It is further argued that Exhibits “3” and “4” do not constitute a contract. They are mere minutes of the meeting held by the partners on the 6th of May, 1995. The Exhibits only provide initial rather than the exhaustive terms and conditions for the dissolution of the partnership and the sale of the partnership’s property the lower court wrongly holds they are. The appellants, learned appellants’ counsel insists, rightly and justifiably rely on Exhibits “21” and “33” to establish the fact of the existence of a separate agreement between them and the solicitor arising from further developments regarding the sale of the School. Lower court’s refusal to affirm the trial court’s admission of Exhibits “21” and “33” let alone attach due weight to them as proof of a distinct and separate agreement modifying the initial conditions set out in Exhibits “3” and “4” is fundamentally wrong. The lapse, learned counsel concludes, having caused a miscarriage of justice warrants this Court’s interference with the lower court’s decision. It is urged that the issue be resolved in favour of the appellants and the appeal allowed. Appellants grouse under the 2nd issue targets the lower court’s findings from line 12 page 479 to the 12th line at page 480 of the record of appeal. These findings, learned appellants counsel argues, contradict the same court’s findings from the 13th line of page 483 to the 3rd line of page 485 of the record. The earlier findings of the lower court are equally and violently in contrast with the trial court’s findings at page 343 lines 2-12 of the record of appeal which findings are yet to be appealed against or set-aside. The trial court’s finding that Mr. Uyouko being the partnership’s Solicitor is its agent, persists. The insistence of the lower court that the respondents are not bound by the acts of such an agent is, it is argued, manifestly wrong. Exhibits “21” and “33” prepared by such an agent should bind the respondents as rightly found by the trial court. The acts of an agent done in the discharge of his functions as such agent, it is submitted, binds the principal. The appellants, having been made to change their positions by the Solicitor’s declarations in exhibits “21” and “33”, are entitled to make instalmental payments. On the authority of section 151 of the Evidence Act and the decisions in Ogbonnaya N. Godwin v. The Chief Christ Apostolic Church (1988) 14 NWLR (Pt 584) 162, Ataguba & Co v Gura Nigeria Ltd (2005) 8 NWLR (Pt 927) 429 and Adewumi v. Plastex Ltd (1986) 3 NWLR (Pt 32) 761, learned counsel submits, the respondents are estopped and precluded from denying the truth, existence and bindingness of the agreement contained in Exhibits “21” and “33”. Further relying on Joe Igah v. Amakiri and others (1976) 11 SC 1 and Olalekan v. Wema Bank Plc (2006) 13 NWLR (pt 998) 617, learned appellants’ counsel submits that the 2nd issue be resolved in appellants’ favour as PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 7 well. Appellants’ arguments under their 3rd and 4th issues are a rehash of the arguments under their 1st and 2nd issues as already captured. It serves no useful purpose to reproduce them. Responding to the argument of learned appellants’ counsel, learned respondents’ counsel submits, and rightly too, that the central issue the appeal raises is whether the conduct of the appellants and Uyouko Esq., the partnership solicitor, stand in accord with the agreement of the partners on the disposal of the partnership property. Exhibits “3” and “4”, beyond stating the conditions governing the sale of the School, contends learned counsel, also form the terms of engagement and operation of the partnership solicitor. The two Exhibits bind not only the partners but the solicitor too. Having been signed by the partners as admitted by DW1, the fact of their being minutes of meeting does not make Exhibits “3” and “4” less binding on the parties to them. Learned counsel further submits that the evidence of DW1 is that the reversal of any agreement is effected in the meeting of the partners and reduced in minutes of such meetings. Exhibits “21” and “31”, contends learned respondents’ counsel, have not been established by the appellants to be reversal of the terms contained in Exhibits “3” and “4”. Section 132 (1) (d) of the evidence Act the appellants seek to rely on does not, therefore, avail them. Learned respondents’ counsel further argues that the appellants still have to contend with the admission of DW2 under cross examination that Exhibits “21” and “31”, the questionnaires circulated by the solicitor contain answers personal to each partner. The two Exhibits are, therefore, incapable of overriding the clear and binding words of Exhibits “3” and “4”. Learned counsel maintains that the appellants have themselves conceded that the payment they purport to have made instalmentally was neither based on the content of Exhibits “21” and “31 nor Exhibits “3” and “4”. The lower court is right, concludes learned counsel, to have made it impossible for the appellants to benefit from their breach of the agreement they voluntarily subscribed to in Exhibits “3” and “4” and which remain unaltered by Exhibits “21” and “31”. Relying on the Kano Textile Printers v. G&H (Nig) Ltd (2002) 2 NWLR (pt 751) 420 at 450; Ajide v Kelani (1985) 3 NWLR (pt 12) 248 at 250-251 and U.T.B Ltd v. Dolmetsch Pharm Nig Ltd (2007) 16 NWLR (pt 1061) 520 at 529, learned respondents’ counsel urges that the 1st issue be resolved against the appellants. Under the 2nd issue, learned respondents’ counsel submits that only the authorized acts of an agent binds his principal. In the case at hand, the unauthorized act of the solicitor by virtue PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 8 of which the appellants allegedly made payments outside what Exhibits “3” and “4” provided cannot in Law bind the respondents in favour of the appellants. The solicitor, it is submitted, has acted outside the scope of his authority and the lower court is right to have so found. This Court, learned counsel further contends, cannot interfere with such a decision. Reliance has been placed to this end on Labode v. Otubu (2001) 7 NWLR (pt 712) 256 at 287 and UBA Plc v. Jargaba (2002) 2 NWLR (pt 750) 200 at 223. On the whole, learned respondents’ counsel urges that the appeal be dismissed, the appellants having failed to establish that the concurrent findings of fact by the two courts below are perverse. Now, what should be the fortunes of parties to this appeal? I agree with learned respondents’ counsel that the appellants who urge us to interfere with the concurrent findings of fact of the two courts below have a greater burden to discharge. It is again the principle, though, that the appellants succeed, once by the reasons contained in their brief as further adumbrated orally at the hearing of the appeal, they establish that the lower court’s judgment they appeal against is perverse. And a decision is said to be perverse, see Adimora v. Ajufo (1988) 3 NWLR (Pt 80) 1 and Ihewuezi v. Ekeanya (1989) 1 NWLR (pt 96) 239, where: (a) It is speculative and not based on any evidence or (b) the court took into account matters which it ought not to have taken into account or (c) the court has ignored the obvious. Appellants’ overriding complaint against the lower court’s judgment is that it has affirmed the decision of the trial court which does not draw from available evidence and also stands in breach of some legal principles. It is evident from the record of this appeal that whereas the respondents had set out to build their claim around Exhibits “3” and “4”, the appellants on the other hand rely on Exhibits “21” and “31” in establishing their counter-claim. The appellants argue that the lower court is wrong to have affirmed the trial court’s decision arrived at inspite of the improper appraisal of evidence given by either side in proof of their different claims; that the lower court’s endorsement of the trial court’s wrong inference from accepted facts as well as the trial court’s application of wrong principle to established facts cannot endure. Is the judgment appealed against bedeviled by these fundamental lapses? I think not. Learned appellants’ counsel need to be reminded that civil suits are decided on the PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 9 balance of probabilities; put differently on the preponderance of evidence. The principle requires that the totality of the evidence of both sides is taken into account and appraised in determining each side’s quantum. An imaginary scale is then used to determine which side’s evidence is heavier and according preponderates. The party whose evidence is heavier succeeds in the case. See Odutola v . Alleru (1985) 1 NWLR (pt 1) 92, Balogun v. Akanji (1988) 1 NWLR (pt 70) 301 and Osuji v. Ekeocha (2009) 16 NWLR (pt 1166) 81. Secondly, the principle has equally become trite that an agreement, where one is established to exist, necessarily binds the parties thereto. Whenever parties enter into an agreement in writing they are bound by its terms and neither the parties nor the court is legally allowed to read into the agreement terms on which the parties did not agree. See Ojibah v. Ojibah (1991) 5 NWLR (pt 191) 296 at 314, Larmie v. D.P.M.S Ltd (2005) 18 NWLR (pt 958) 438, Koik v Magnusson (1999) 8 NWLR (pt 615) 492 at 514. Thirdly, as a general rule, a contract made by an agent acting within the scope of his authority for his disclosed principal, in Law, is the contract of the principal and the principal not the agent is the person to sue or be sued upon the contract. See Niger Progress Ltd v. North East Line Corporation (1989) 3 NWLR (pt 107) 68, Dr. Tunde Bamgboye v. University of llorin & Anor (1999) 10 NWLR (pt 622) 290 at 329 and Samuel Osigwe v. PSPLS Management Consortium Ltd & Ors (2009) 3 NWLR (pt 1128) 378. To make out their respective cases, the parties to this appeal called two witnesses each at the trial court. PW1 testified inter-alia for the respondents, being the plaintiffs at the trial court, that following the decision of the Board of Directors, the partners agreed and engaged the services of Barrister Uyo S. Uyouko to dissolve the partnership. In pursuance of his brief, PW I further told the trial court, Uyouko circulated questionnaires which partners completed and returned to him. Exhibit “2” is the questionnaire PW1 completed and returned to Uyouko. By Exhibits “3” and “4”, minutes of meeting of the partners held 6th May, 1995 signed and adopted by the partners in the subsequent meeting held on 20th May, 1995, it was agreed thus:- “(1) Partners were given 1st option to bid for and purchase the school, but where no partner is able to buy the School, it would be thrown opened to outsiders to PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 10 bid and purchase the School. (2) Because of the partners inability to agree at a sale value of the school where a partner is buying, Uyouko Esq. sought and obtained consent of the Plaintiffs and the Defendants and put the price at N5.5 million for partners. (3) Any partner wishing to purchase the School was required to send his bid along with a minimum deposit of N3 million to be paid into a designated account in Allied Bank, Uyo. (4) It was again agreed that any payment by a partner which is less than N3 million as deposit will not be binding. (5) The payment of the N3 million deposit was limited by time being 17th May1995. (6) Where a partner fails to pay up N3 million deposit on 17/5/95 whatever amount that was deposited towards the purchase of the School shall be refunded to the partner and the sale of the School shall be opened to outside purchasers to bid.” Following the revelation by Mr. Uyouko at the 20th May, 1995 that the appellants had not met the deadline for their purchase of the School as provided for in the 6th of May,1995 meeting, PWI stated, the respondents agreed that time be extended for the appellants by a further one week to the 25th May, 1995 to enable them comply with the terms allowed a partner who wished to purchase the School as contained in Exhibit “3” and “4”. On 5th August, 1995, Uyouko Esq. was instructed, during another meeting of the partners, to refund the money deposited by the appellants who were yet to comply with Exhibit “3” and “4” and open the bid for the sale of the School to the general public. Appellants’ case through DW1 and DW2 is simply that they had purchased the School by virtue of Exhibits “21” and “31” and that with the dissolution of the partnership they are entitled to the possession of the School. Exhibits “21” and “31”, like Exhibit 2 are questionnaires completed by individual partner and returned to the solicitor. The other partners remain unaware of the content of the other partners filled and returned questionnaires. After appraising the evidence proffered by witnesses on both sides, the trial court which had the advantage of watching the witnesses in the course of their testimonies states at page 333 of the record thus:- PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 11 “Under Cross Examination DW1 admitted the bindingness of the Solicitor’s action in respect of the dissolution of the partnership and that partnership decisions were taken at the partners meetings. DW1 further admitted that partners are bound by Exhibits 3 and 4, and that as at 20th May 95, Defendants had not paid any amount for the purchase of the School. She stated that she did not know the contents of the questionnaires completed by the Plaintiffs. She admitted that the objection of the Plaintiffs for instalmental payment for school was based on the partners’ decisions of 6th May 95 as per Exhibits 3 and 4.” On DW2, the trial court also infers at page 334 as follows:- “Under Cross Examination DW2 admitted the bindingness of Exhibit 4 on him because he signed it. He also admitted that a partner who was desirous to purchase the School was to pay a deposit of N3m. along with the bid as per Exhibit 4 but stated further that Defendants were allowed to pay by instalment by the Solicitor. DW1 admitted that this later arrangement by the Solicitor for the Defendants to pay for the School by instalments is not in accord with Exhibit 4” Given the state of pleadings and evidence of both sides, the trial court at pages 343-344 of the record of appeal, not surprisingly, concludes as follows:- “By the Plaintiff’s oral evidence and documentarily, (sic) and the honest and since evidence of the Defendants and the Defendants admissions under cross Examination and documents, it is the view of this Court that the Plaintiffs case is up to the standard in Sections 134 and 135 of the Evidence Act. It is in the light of above circumstances that this Court believes the Plaintiffs evidence as the parties are bound by their contact ……….. in the circumstances of this case, this Court hereby rejects the Defendants evidence.” In affirming the trial court’s finding on the real issue in controversy between the parties, PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 12 the lower court at page 477 line 14 to page 478 lines 9 of the record of appeal reasons as follows:- “Learned counsel for the Appellant impugned the judgment of the leaned trial judge on the ground that the learned trial judge ignored the decision of the meeting of 20th May, 1995 but relied heavily on Exhibits 3 and 4. Exhibits 3 and 4 were offered and received in evidence without objection. The Exhibits were tendered by the Respondents who founded part of their case on them. On the other hand the appellants sought to rely on the decision allegedly taken at the meeting of 20-5-95. From the totality of the evidence of parties even though in agreement as regards Exhibits 3 and 4 they do not seem to agree on the decision allegedly taken on 20-5-1995”. The court proceeded to conclude thus: “Be that as it may the appellants who disregarded Exhibits 3 and 4 claimed they were encouraged in that regard by the Solicitor. From all the circumstances it is nearer the truth to say that the appellants acted in collision with the solicitor to disregard the resolution passed and adopted and not reversed by any meeting of the parties. The appellants’ signed Exhibits 3 and 4 and it does not lie in their mouth to plead they were encouraged to act contrary to a subsisting resolution of the partners”. (underlining supplied for emphasis). The foregoing findings of the court below encapsulate what the appellants contend provide basis for allowing their appeal. I am unable to agree with them for, try as one would, the findings have remained unamenable to all the shortcomings the appellants stridently endeavour to ascribe to them. Most certainly, Exhibits “21” and “31 the appellants rely on to establish their entitlement to the School, the partnership property, do not constitute any agreement between the two sides that supersedes the one in Exhibits “3” and “4” which unquestionably bind the parties. The latter Exhibits also contain the terms and conditions for the purchase of the partnership property which the appellants in relying on Exhibits “21” and “31” manifestly stand in breach of. Uyouko the solicitor only conveys the title of the partnership property if he acts within the purview of his authority as denoted in Exhibits “3” and PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 13 “4”. Exhibit “21” and “31” signed only by the appellants and the solicitor cannot bind the respondents who are not signatories to the understanding therein, if any. In Andrew Nweke Okonkwo v. C.C.B. (Nig) Plc & 2 Others (2003) 8 NWLR (pt 822) 347, this Court while considering a similar issue to the one this appeal raises held thus:- “It is trite law that persons of full age and sound mind are bound by any agreement lawfully entered into by them. Clause 7 of Exhibit B above gave the 1st defendant the right to sell the mortgaged property if the plaintiff failed to repay the loan on the due date without any further consent of the plaintiff. By clause 8 of Exhibit B, the plaintiff also waived his right to be given any notice under any statute or customary law. The court of Appeal was thus plainly giving effect to the agreement entered into by the plaintiff himself and nothing else when it said the plaintiff had waived his right to any notice of sale……………1st defendant/bank was thus not bound under lease (Exhibit B) to have given the plaintiff any further notice of the proposed sale after the demand notices.” In the case at hand, the lower court, in affirming the trial court’s findings that the appellants are bound by the terms in Exhibits “3” and “4” which constitute an agreement the partners as sane adults are parties to, cannot be wrong. Being endorsement of findings of the trial court which clearly draw from the pleadings and evidence of parties, the parties to the said agreement are disentitled from contending otherwise. Exhibits “21” and “31” which do not constitute such a binding agreement, as rightly held by the two courts below, cannot avail the appellants. By being signatories to Exhibits “3” and “4” appellants have agreed that title to the partnership property is only transferable to them in the manner they authorize their solicitor in Exhibits “3”and “4” to dispose same. In Exhibits “3” and “4” is a tripartite agreement which binds not only the appellants and the respondents but their solicitor as well. Exhibits “21” and “31” which the appellants failed to establish to have superseded the terms of sale contained in Exhibits “3” and “4”, cannot, in law, be the legitimate source of appellants’ title to the partnership property. Any disposal of the partnership property by Uyouko Esq. in a manner inconsistent with his authority in Exhibits “3”and “4′ will not bind the respondents and/or the partnership. See Osherire Ltd v. Tripoli Motors (1997) 5 NWLR (pt 503) 1; Yaro v. Arewa Construction Ltd & Ors (2001) 6 SC (pt II) 149 and Odutola v. Paper Sack Nigeria Ltd (2006) 11-12 SC 60. It must be restated that an appellate court’s interference with concurrent findings of fact PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 14 is only allowed where the findings are shown to be perverse or that same is not the result of a proper exercise of discretion. In the case at hand, the appellants, having failed to show that the lower court’s affirmation of the trial court’s decision has proceeded either on the basis of matters the court wrongly took account of or because the court has ignored the obvious, must fail. See: Atolagbe v. shorun (1985) NWLR (pt 2) 360 and Rabiu v. State (1980) 8-11 SC 85. This principle explains why I resolve all the germane issues the appeal raises against the appellants. Finding no merit in the appeal, it is accordingly dismissed. The decision of the lower court is hereby affirmed at a cost of N100,000.00 against the appellants in favour of the respondents. Musa Dattijo Muhammad, Justice, Supreme Court. Appearance: Alade Agbabiaka (SAN) with Abutu John, Sylvester Obinka and Hassan Luqman for the appellants. Simon Essien with Francis Ekanem and N. Udofia for the respondents. JUDGMENT (Delivered by MAHMUD MOHAMMED, JSC) My learned brother Dattijo Muhammad, JSC, had permitted me before today to read his judgment which has just been delivered in this appeal. I am in complete agreement with his reasoning and the conclusion he finally arrived at in resolving the issues put before this Court PAGE| PAGE * Arabic 15 by the parties for the determination of this appeal that the appeal is without merit and ought to dismissed. From the record and the issues for determination formulated in the Appellants brief of argument and adopted by the Respondents in their Respondents brief of argument, it is quite clear that this appeal which arose from the judgment of the trial High Court finding for the Plaintiffs/Respondents in their claims while dismissing the Defendants/Appellants counter-claims, the appeal itself centered principally on questions of facts on the evidence put in place by the parties at the trial Court. In otherwords, the appeal is mainly against concurrent findings of fact by the trial High Court and the Court of Appeal on the dispute between the parties as to whether or not on the evidence on record, the partnership between them had been dissolved and also on whether or not on the same evidence whether the Mfon Abasi Nursery/Primary School Nwut Usiong Itam, the property of the partnership, had been sold to the Defendants/Appellants. The concurrent decisions of both Courts below are to the effect that the partnership agreement between the parties remained in full force while the sale of the school, property of the partnership to the Defendants/Appellants did not take place in the absence of evidence of full-compliance with the conditions of the sale agreed by the parties. The law had long been settled that once the findings of two lower Courts are reasonably justified by the evidence and no error in law, substantive or procedural, that leads to a miscarriage of justice is made by the lower Courts, this Court will not interfere with such concurrent findings of fact but must treat them with due respect. See Dibiamaka v. Osakwe (1989) 3 N.W.L.R. (Pt. 107)101, Are v. Apaye (1990) 2 N.W.L.R. (Pt. 132) 298 and Iroegbu v. Okwordu (1990) 6 N.W.L.R. (Pt. 159) 643. It is therefore for the above reasons and more comprehensive reasons contained in the lead judgment, that I find no ground whatsoever for disturbing the judgments of the Courts below. Accordingly, there being no merit at all in this appeal, I also hereby dismiss it while abiding with other orders made in the lead judgment including the order on costs.

SC. 86/2008