Godwin Anyanwu V. The State (2002)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
E. OGUNDARE, J.S.C.
The appellant was charged along with 2 others at the High Court of Imo State for the murder of one Thomas Aliri in that on 17th October, 1982, they unlawfully killed the deceased and thereby committed an offence punishable under section 319(1) of the Criminal Code, Cap 30, Vol. 2, Laws of Eastern Nigeria, 1963 applicable at the time in Imo State. They each pleaded not guilty after the charge had been read and explained to them in Ibo language.
At the trial that followed, the respondent called 5 witnesses and closed its case. Each defendant gave evidence in his or her defence and closed the defence. After addresses by learned counsel for the parties, the learned trial Judge in a considered judgment, found the appellant guilty of the murder of Thomas Aliri, the deceased; he convicted him accordingly and sentenced him to the mandatory punishment of death by hanging. The 2nd and 3rd defendants were, however, found not guilty of the offence and were each discharged and acquitted. Being aggrieved with the said judgment as it affected him, the appellant unsuccessfully appealed to the Court of Appeal. He has now further appealed to this court.
With leave of this court, the appellant filed a notice of appeal containing five grounds of appeal. He also obtained leave to raise and argue points of law not canvassed in the court below. The points of law relate to subsections (6)(e) and (7) of section 33 of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979, then in force at the time the offence was committed and the appellant was tried. It is now section 36(6)(e) & (7) of the 1999 constitution. The grounds of appeal, without their particulars, read:
“1. The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in failing to hold that the entire proceedings at the trial of the appellant including the judgment delivered by the trial court on 21/1/85 are null and void.
- The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in failing to hold that the appellant’s fundamental right under section 33(7) of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979 was violated.
- The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law by failing to hold that the appellant was entitled to defence of provocation to mitigate his criminal culpability from murder to manslaughter.
- The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law by upholding the trial court’s findings of fact that there was no fight between the deceased and any of the accused persons and that the deceased did not tell the 1st accused that he was responsible for the death of the wife of the 1st accused (now appellant) and would be responsible for 1st accused eventual death and thereby erroneously rejected appellant’s defence of provocation.
- The learned Justices of the Court of Appeal erred in law in failing to hold that it is clearly unsafe to conclude that exhibits C and D were indeed the confessional statements personally made by the appellant.”
The parties filed and exchanged their respective briefs of argument. In the appellant’s brief the following 4 issues are raised as calling for determination in this appeal:
“1. Can it be safely concluded that exhibits C and D were indeed the confessional statements personally made by the appellant to the police
- Whether the provisions of section 33 subsection (6)(e) of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979, as amended, which were designed to guarantee fair hearing to every person who is charged with a criminal offence (such as the appellant in this case) were fully complied with in the instant case and, if not, did such non-compliance not nullify the entire proceedings and judgment of the trial court
- Whether the provisions of section 33(7) of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1979, as amended, were fully complied with in this case and, if not, did such non-compliance not render the trial unfair.
- Was the court below right in holding that the appellant was not entitled to the defence of provocation to mitigate his criminal culpability from murder to manslaughter”
The respondent adopted these issues in its brief.
In determining this appeal I shall first consider issue 1 and thereafter take issues 2 and 3 together. Issue 4 will be considered last.
Issue 1:
In the course of police investigation into this case PW 4, police sgt. Cosmos Amaechi obtained two statements from the appellant. The two statements were recorded in the english language and tendered at the trial without objection from the appellant and marked exhibits C and D. PW 4 testified at the trial as follows:
“I investigated this case. I know all the accused persons. Sometime in October 1982, a case of murder was reported and referred to Owerri urban police and transferred to State C.I.D. for investigation. During the course of my investigation, I arrested second and third accused persons. Before this, Owerri urban had already charged first accused to court. I visited the scene of crime at Umuogi, Ngor Okpala in Owerri Local Government. I also visited the prison yard where I obtained the statement of first accused in writing. I also obtained the statement of second and third accused persons. They were formerly charged to court with murder. A postmortem examination of the corpse of the deceased was performed by a doctor. This is the first statement made by first accused on 18/10/82. Counsel seeks to tender it. No objection. Statement admitted as exhibit ‘C’. This is the second statement made by first accused on 23/12/82. Counsel seeks to tender it. No objection. Statement admitted as exhibit ‘D’ …..Before each accused person made his statement or statements, he was cautioned and charged and he volunteered the statement without stress or inducement. The statements were obtained in english language and recorded in english language and read over to each accused persons and he said, it was correct before he signed it and I countersigned it. Exhibits C and D are repeatedly read in court by witness. No objection after the reading as to the voluntarily (sic) of each statement.”
(Italics are mine)
The question has arisen in this appeal as to whether or not exhibits C and D were made by the appellant. Learned counsel argued that the evidence of PW4 gave the impression that exhibits C and D were either written down by the appellant in english language or that he dictated them to PW4 in english language who then wrote them down and that, in any event, appellant signed each statement. Comparing exhibits C and D, learned counsel submitted that they could not have been made by the same person as the hand writings on them were different and, therefore, could not have been written by the appellant. It is counsel’s view that by the same argument, both statements could not have been written by PW4. It is further argued by learned counsel that as the signatures of the maker of the two statements were different, they could not both have been made by the appellant. Learned counsel then finally urged us to hold that “this is not a case where it can safely be said that the appellant made statements or any statement to the police in english language.”
I agree with the respondent when, in its brief, it described the arguments for the appellant as making “a mountain out of nothing” and “very fanciful but unfortunately bordered more on semantics and mere technicality.”
There is clear evidence on exhibits C and D that PW4 recorded exhibit D while Inspector Udeagha recorded exhibit C. It may be that it was wrong to have tendered exhibit C through PW4, but no objection was taken to its admissibility. Nor was PW4 ever challenged in cross-examination that the statement (exhibit D) made to him was made in english language. There is no ground of appeal challenging the admissibility of either statement. Rather importantly, the appellant in his evidence at the trial testified as follows:
“My name is Godwin Aliri or Godwin Anyanwu. I am a civil servant. I am employed as a driver by Federal Military Government in the Federal Ministry of Information. I live at 54B Okparanozie street, Owerri. I am also a farmer. I know Thomas Aliri the deceased. He was my brother. I know second and third accused persons who are also my brothers. I was married. My wife died on 9th August, 1982. She died during the childbirth of twin babies. My mother takes care of the children, four of them in number. I was sad after the death which caused me a lot of suffering. I was in court when my statements to the police was (sic) read out. I adopt them as part of my defence. They are exhibits C and D which exhibits witness identified in court as his voluntary statements. The facts in the statements are correct.”
He not only admitted making exhibits C and D to the police he affirmed that their contents were correct. Appellant was at all time relevant to this case a civil servant (a driver) in the Federal Ministry of Information. PW4 testified that appellant made his statement to him in english language; he was never challenged on this piece of evidence nor was evidence proffered by the appellant to controvert it. I cannot in the light of the facts available, hold that appellant did not make exhibits C and D in english language. I see no substance in the submissions for the appellant. I, therefore, resolve issue 1 against him.
Issues 2 and 3:
The pith of the arguments on issues 2 and 3 is that appellant understands only the Ibo language and not the english language. To buttress this assertion, reference was made to the court proceedings of 4th June, 1984 when the appellant along with the other defendants were arraigned in court. Before their plea was taken, the charge was read over and explained to them in Ibo language. It is submitted that from this fact it must be that the appellant understood only the Ibo language. Our attention was next drawn to the rest of the trial up to judgment which was conducted in english language without any intimation on record that an interpreter was provided who interpreted all the proceedings, including judgment, to the appellant from english to Ibo and vice versa. It is submitted that there was infraction of the appellant’s fundamental right to fair hearing under section 33(6)(e) of the 1979 constitution (now section 36(6)(e) of the 1999 constitution). It is submitted that in the circumstance, the trial of the appellant is a nullity notwithstanding that he was represented at that trial by counsel. We are further invited to overrule the previous decisions of this court that held to the contrary in Imadebhor Eguabor v. The Queen (No.1) (1962) 1 SCNLR 409; Peter Locknan & Anor v. The State (1972) ANLR 498; (1972) 1 All NLR (Pt. 2) 62; (1972) 5 SC 40; The State v. Salihu Mohammed Gwonro & 4 Ors. (1983) 1 SCNLR 142; Edwin Ogba v. The State (1992) 2 NWLR (Pt. 222) 164; and Mallam Madu v. The State (1997) 1 NWLR (Pt. 482) 386.
Subsections (6)(a) & (e) and (7) of section 33 of the 1979 constitution provided:
33(6)(a) & (e):”Every person who is charged with a criminal offence shall be entitled to-
(a) be informed promptly in the language that he understands and in detail of the nature of the offence;
………..
(e) have, without payment, the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the offence.”
33(7) “When any person is tried for any criminal offence, the court or tribunal shall keep a record of the proceedings ………” (italics mine for emphasis)
The use of an interpreter only becomes mandatory where a person charged with a criminal offence does not understand the language used at the trial.
In the instant case, the trial of the appellant was conducted in english language. From all indications available at the trial and as demonstrated by exhibits C and D, the appellant understood that language. The fact that the learned trial Judge caused the charge to be explained to the defendants in Ibo language before their plea was taken is not sufficient to conclude that the appellant did not understand the english language; he probably did so ex abundanti cautela, having regard to section 33(6)(a) of the 1979 constitution (now section 36(6)(a) of the 1999 constitution). I, therefore, agree with the learned Attorney-General of Imo State, for the respondent, that the factual basis for the invocation of section 33(6)(e) was not present in this case. The consequences of a breach of section 33(6)(e) becomes academic. And as this court will not indulge in such academic exercise, I decline the invitation to consider, in this case, whether or not it is appropriate to overrule our previous decisions in the cases cited to us.
It is the further complaint of the appellant that the trial Judge breached section 33(7) of the 1979 constitution in that he failed to record that an interpreter was provided to interpret the evidence of PW1, PW2, PW3 and the defendants given in Ibo language into the english language in which the learned Judge recorded the proceedings. I think there is a point here. The record before us shows that these prosecution witnesses and the defendants gave their testimony in Ibo language. The evidence itself was recorded in english language. But there is nothing on the record to indicate an interpreter was employed on the dates these witnesses testified to interpret Ibo into english language and who the interpreter was. What then is the effect of the failure of the learned trial Judge to make a record of this fact
It is the submission of learned counsel for the appellant that a breach of section 33(7) rendered the proceedings and judgment of the trial court unconstitutional, null and void. He cited authorities that show the necessity for a court, particularly a trial court, to make a complete record of the proceedings before it.
Counsel for the respondent, in his brief, drew the court’s attention to a previous decision of this court on the point and this is Peter Locknan & Anor. v. The State (1972) ANLR 498 where this court appears to have resolved the issue arising in this case. In a situation not too dissimilar to what happened in this case, Lewis, J.S.C. delivering the judgment of this court said at page 501 of the report:
“Now whilst we must of course agree with Mr. Brown Peterside that the record does not specifically show that the interpreter in English into Hausa and vice versa was present on the four days in question when the 5th, 6th, 8th and 9th prosecution witnesses gave evidence, we do not think that, once the learned trial Judge had recorded the interpreter as being affirmed on the first day of the trial, it was absolutely necessary for him to show on the record that the interpreter was present on every subsequent day. The presumption of regularity must apply and though, if he had noted his presence on each subsequent day, it would have put objections such as this completely out of the scope of counsel’s argument, we do not think there was an absolute requirement for him to do so.”
And on page 502 he added:
“However, if the 1st accused could affirmatively show that an interpreter was absent then we would certainly be prepared to agree that the objection had force but that was not the case here. Mr. Brown Peterside did not seek to adduce evidence before us to show that the interpreter was not there on the days in question but he relied solely on the absence on the record of any definite statement that he was present” …..
In the case on hand, an interpreter was provided in court on 4/6/84 when the defendants were arraigned and their pleas taken – see page 29 of the record. This much the appellant conceded. It must be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the interpreter who was, in this case, the clerk of court was present throughout the trial of the defendants and did in fact interpret Ibo language into English language and vice versa as occasion required. I think the reasoning of this court in Locknan’s case is sound and logical; I have no reason to depart from it. The two cases of Fawehinmi Construction Co. Ltd. v. Obafemi Awolowo University (1998) 6 NWLR (Pt.53) 171 and Godwin Josiah v. The State (1985) 1 NWLR (Pt.1) 125 cited to us by learned counsel for the appellant in his brief do not go as far as learned counsel would want us to go in this case, that is, that failure by the learned trial Judge to make a full record of proceedings in a criminal trial per se vitiates the entire trial and judgment. Both cases, as well as Locknan, emphasise the desirability of a trial Judge making a full record of the proceedings before it in a criminal case. I, too, subscribe to the views expressed in those case. The constitution requires it and trial Judges must comply with the provisions of the constitution.
In my respectful view, where an interpreter is provided at the commencement of the trial and a record of this is made, it is desirable, and indeed a constitutional duty of the trial Judge to record this fact also on the subsequent days of the trial when use is made of the interpreter. Where, however, the Judge fails to make a record of the use of the interpreter in subsequent days the trial is not, per se, there vitiated. Where it is shown that an interpreter was not provided where it should have been provided as where the accused person does not understand the language in which the proceedings are being conducted, different considerations will arise as this raises the question whether such an accused ever had a fair hearing.In effect what I am saying is that a breach of Sec 33(7) of the 1979 Constitution per se, will not necessarily vitiate a trial. A breach of section 33(6)(a) & (e), is, however fatal to a criminal trial as it raises the question whether an accused person so affected ever had a fair hearing.
From all I have said above, I resolve issues 2 and 3 against the appellant.
Issue 4:
I think it is pertinent at this stage to give the facts of this case, how be it briefly: On 17/10/82, PW1 who was the village councilor of the area where the deceased and the 3 defendants resided, received a report from the deceased that the 2nd defendant had gone to the police station to make a report of him (the deceased) with respect to a dispute between him (the deceased) and the 2nd defendant over the ownership of a bicycle carriage. Soon after the report, the appellant the 2nd defendant came to PW1 ‘s house accompanied by a policeman who arrested the deceased and took him away to the police station. Later in the day PW1 went to the police station at Umuneke to take the deceased out on bail. On his way back from the police station with the deceased, they passed the appellant and 2nd defendant on the way; both were going in the opposite direction The deceased was holding a bicycle. The 2 defendants turned back. 2nd defendant held on to the deceased’s bicycle. PW1 rebuked the 2nd defendant who thereafter released the bicycle and followed PW1 and the deceased. The appellant had meanwhile left for his house. When the 3 men reached the gateway, the appellant emerged from his house and questioned the deceased how he came about the bicycle. PW1 rebuked the appellant for his conduct. At this juncture 3rd defendant came out of the house with a spanner and threatened to loose the bicycle carriage from the bicycle the deceased was still holding on to. There was a struggle between the deceased on the one hand and the 3 defendants on the other for possession of the bicycle. At that point in time, the appellant ran inside the house and soon emerged with a matchet with which he inflicted injuries on the deceased on the neck, leg and hand. The deceased slumped and died. PW1 shouted for help but the people around ran away. PW1 and one Nkwocha left for the police station to make a report of the incident. On arriving at the police station the Police Inspector on duty informed them that the appellant had reported to the police that he the appellant had killed someone. Police accompanied PW1 to the scene where photographs were taken and the corpse of the deceased was removed to the hospital mortuary. An autopsy was conducted on the corpse of the deceased. The deceased and the 3 defendants were relations. Other than the struggle for possession of the bicycle, there was no fight between the deceased on the one part and the 3 defendants before the appellant inflicted matchet cuts on the former. Neither did they abuse each other.
The appellant testified in his defence at the trial. He said:
“On 17/10/82, I first went to Umuoha to see my sister and to report to her about my ill-health. This was about 7 a.m. on the day. When I returned about 9 a.m, I enquired about the whereabout of second accused. The wife of second accused told me that second accused and the deceased disputed the ownership of a bicycle carriage. Shortly afterwards, as I stared at the frontage of my house I saw the second accused with a policeman. I accompanied second accused and the policeman to the house of the deceased. The police arrested the deceased and took him and the second accused to Umuneke police station. I went back to my house. After a while I went to the police station to find out if the police would allow bail for the deceased. At the police station, I waited for PW1 to arrive and take the deceased on bail. As he did not arrive, I left to return home because I did not feel well. On the way I met PW1 and advised him to go and take the deceased on bail. At about 5 p.m. same 17/10/82, I heard from my house the voices of second accused and the deceased. On reaching the place where they were, I saw the deceased and second accused struggling for a bicycle carriage. I told them it was shameful for them to quarrel or struggle over a bicycle carriage which value was only N3 (three naira). Thomas asked me why I should say what I said. He said I should remember that he told me that my wife would die during a childbirth and that I would myself die before two months from the date of incident. And he said that he was responsible for my wife’s death. As he said this to me he moved his fingers to my face. I was annoyed. I beat him with my hand. He held me and beat me. Fight ensued between him and me. As he was stronger than I was, I ran away. He chased me. As I was running, I saw an object which I used to fling on him. It cut his hand. As he continued the chase, I fly the object again and it cut his neck. I did not know the object was a matchet.
It was later on after the act I found the object was a matchet. After the incident I ran away and the deceased also ran away. I went to the police and reported that I had a quarrel or fight with my brother and that I wounded him during the fight. I did not notice if the deceased bled because I ran away after the incident. I was sad when I heard of his death. PW1 was present but he went away with his bicycle at the stage when a fight ensued between me and the deceased. The distance between my house and the place where we fought is 3.6 metres (12 feet). The deceased chased me towards my house from the place we fought. Second accused was present when the object cut the deceased. Third accused was in his house.”
Cross-examined, he testified – “My wife died at home in the village. Before she died I had no quarrel with the deceased. Before 17/10/82 the deceased never said he killed my wife and he never threatened he would kill me. My wife did not deliver either in the hospital or in a maternity. She delivered in the house. She died on the spot after the delivery. I did not suspect any foul play or anyone as responsible for her death. I do not know if the deceased was at home when my wife died. He did not come to sympathise with me. But his wife and children came and sympathised with me. The deceased said he was responsible for the death of my wife and he also said he would kill me.”
To further questions, he answered –
“I killed the deceased because we fought. The second accused was separating me and the deceased as we fought. We did not take part in the fight. The cut on the hand and on the neck took place on the same spot. The cut took place near my house. I picked up the matchet from my house. He lay outside my house. After inflicting the cuts I ran inside the bush.”
The appellant raised the defence of provocation which the learned trial Judge considered and found-
“On the facts of the present case the only evidence which touches and concerns provocation is to bicycle carriage claimed by second accused and the alleged statement by the deceased that he would kill first accused as he had in the past killed the wife. On the issue of the bicycle carriage second accused and the deceased claimed ownership of it which they believed was bona fide. Whether the claim on either side was made in good or bad faith is not in issue which can properly be determined in these proceedings. Suffice it to say that with that bona fide claim of right which the contestants was justified to kill the other either on ground of provocation or self defence or in defence of property. As I do not believe the evidence that the deceased said he would kill first accused as he did of the wife, the defence of provocation by such utterance is not available to the accused persons.”
The learned trial Judge rejected this defence and other possible defences he took into consideration and convicted the appellant for murder as charged. He found:
Having given due consideration to the facts and circumstances of this case, and found that:
(a) There was no fight between the deceased or any of the accused persons, but there was a struggle between them over the bicycle carriage.
(b) The deceased did not tell first accused he was responsible for the death of his wife and would be responsible for his eventual death.
(c) The dispute of ownership of the bicycle carriage between second accused and the deceased did not offer any justifiable cause for the killing of the deceased. I hold, therefore, that the defences of provocation and self defence are not available to the first accused. I find that the killing was unlawful contrary to section 319(1) of the criminal code law under which first accused is charged.”
The defence was again raised in the Court of Appeal, Akpiroroh, J.C.A. who read the lead judgment of that court, with which Ogebe and Pats-Acholonu, J.C.A. agreed, had this to say:
“I must say straight away that the defence of provocation is not available to the appellant on the facts of this case”.
He considered the findings of the learned trial Judge and added:
‘The above findings is (sic) amply supported by the evidence led before the court and the learned trial Judge was quite right in holding that the defence (sic) of provocation and self defence are not available to the appellant on the fact of this case.”
The appellant has in this court, advanced the same arguments in support of his claim to the defence of provocation. I have given consideration to the arguments advanced but I regret I am not impressed by them. The findings of fact made by the learned trial Judge are amply supported by the credible evidence before him and were rightly affirmed by the Court of Appeal. I do not find them perverse as submitted before us. As no special circumstances have been shown why I should disturb those findings, I too affirm them. And upon those findings there can be no room for the success of the defence of provocation. On the facts of this case I have no hesitation in rejecting that defence. I, therefore, resolve issue 4 against the appellant.
All the issues canvassed in this case having been resolved against the appellant, his appeal fails and it is hereby dismissed. I affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal which, in turn, affirmed the conviction for murder and the sentence of death passed on the appellant by the trial High Court.
SC.328/2001
