Standard (Nig) Engineering V Nigerian Bank For Commerce And Industry (2006)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
OGBUAGU, J.S.C.
This is an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal, Benin Division (hereinafter called the court below) delivered on 29th March, 2001, allowing the appeal by the defendant/respondent to it from the decision of the High Court of Ondo State holden at Akure per Adeloye – Chief Judge, on 25th March, 1996.
Dissatisfied with the said decision, the appellants who were the plaintiffs in the trial court, and also the cross-appellants in the court below, have again, appealed to this court on twelve (12) grounds of appeal.
Both in the amended writ of summons and paragraph 53 of the statement of claim, the appellants, claimed from the defendants/ respondents as follows:
(i) A declaration that the refusal of the defendant to open letter of credit required by the plaintiffs constitutes a breach of the investment and mortgage agreement between the plaintiffs and the defendant.
(ii) An order of specific performance, that the defendant should unconditionally open the letter of credit with the plaintifs’ new suppliers at the current price in 1994 of the machinery and equipment needed for the project,
the subject of contract.
ALTERNATIVELY,
(iii)An order directing the defendant to pay the sum of N430,198,000.00 as damages thus:-
(a)Cost of purchase, stamp duty, Registration of projects with erection of factory building
= N7,000,000.00
(b)Cost incurred in making four trips to England in company of other officials of the supplier and other expenses =2,024, 000. 00
(c)Loss of anticipated profit and earning on the project
= N12,897,000.00
d)Amount representing the difference between the cost of the machines and equipment in 1982 and the present rate of purchase
= N408,277,000.00
N430,198,000.00
- An order directing the defendant to pay to the plaintiffs an amount representing 10% of the judgment debt as interest per annum from the date of judgment until the judgment is finally liquidated.
The trial court in its judgment at page 97 of the records stated as follows:
“in sum I refuse the declaration sought and come to the conclusion that the fraud and distrust of the suppliers by the plaintiffs frustrated the business deal of the plaintiffs and led to a breach of the mortgage agreement. I order that the defendant open a letter of credit with the plaintiffs’ new suppliers at the current price of the machinery and equipment needed for the project or in the alternative the defendant should refund all the expenses of the plaintiff at the time of application in 1988.”
The respondent appealed against the said decision. The appellants, cross-appealed. Briefs were filed and exchanged by the parties. In a unanimous decision, the court below allowed the main appeal, dismissed the claims of the appellants and dismissed the cross-appeal hence the appeal by the appellants to this court.
The appellants in their brief, have formulated six (6) issues for determination, namely,
Issue One
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in confirming that the doctrine of frustration applied to this case when same was neither pleaded by either of the parties and there was no evidence to have warranted such a finding? Grounds 6 and 7 of the notice of appeal.
Issue Two
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in holding that the refusal by the respondent to accept the new supplier nominated by the appellant did not constitute a breach of the Mortgage and Investment Agreement? Grounds 9 and 10.
Issue Three
Whether the omission of the Court of Appeal to give equal prominence to the case of the appellant in the main appeal and those of the respondent in the cross-appeal has occasioned a miscarriage of justice in this case? – Grounds 11 and 12 of the notice of appeal.
Issue Four
Whether the application of the Supreme Court decision in Mazin Eng. Ltd. v. Tower Aluminium Ltd. (1993) 5 NWLR (Pt. 295) 526 and the rejection of the applicability of the Supreme Court decision in Nasaralai v. Arab Bank (1986) 4 NWLR (Pt.36) 409 by the Court of Appeal has not occasioned a miscarriage of justice in this case? Grounds 4 and 8 of the notice of appeal.
Issue Five
Whether the finding by the Court of Appeal to the effect that the suppliers (i.e. WAF Export Ltd.) was an agent to the plaintiff and that the claim of the plaintiff did not correspond with the reliefs ordered by the trial Judge were not perverse? Grounds 3 and 5 of the notice of appeal.
Issue Six
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in confirming the legitimate use of an allegedly altered clean report of finding when same was never pleaded nor given in evidence by either of the parties but only raised speculatively by the defendant’s counsel in a written address? See grounds 1 and 2 of the notice of appeal,
The respondent in its brief, has adopted all the issues formulated by the appellants. When this appeal came up for hearing on 13th December, 2005, Bolanle Esqr, learned counsel for the appellants, adopted their brief. He referred to their case No.1 of the List of Authorities – i.e. Mazin Engineering Ltd. v. Tower (not power as appears in the brief and list) Aluminium Ltd. (1993) 5 NWLR (Pt. 295) 526 (it is also reported in (1993) 6 SCNJ 176 and urged the court, to follow it. He submitted that to merely plead frustration without evidence in support, goes to no issue. He finally, urged the court to allow the appeal.
Chief Fesobi, referred to and adopted their brief of argument filed on 16th October, 2001, and urged the court, to dismiss the appeal for lacking in merits, according to him.
From the pleadings and the evidence of the parties, the facts briefly stated are that the 1st plaintiff/appellant is a limited liability company incorporated in Nigeria, while the 2nd plaintiff/appellant, is the Managing Director of the 1st plaintiff/appellant. The 1st plaintiff/appellant, carries among its businesses, the servicing and general repairs of automobiles and heavy duty trucks. The defendant/respondent, is a financial institution. On 12th February, 1987, the appellants and the respondent, executed an investment and mortgage agreement wherein, the respondent agreed to provide the appellants, a loan of N1,620,000.00 (one million six hundred and twenty thousand naira) or its equivalent in foreign currency to enable the appellants, finance an Automobile Servicing Workshop Project. It was also agreed that a part of the said loan amounting to 226,000.00 (two hundred and twenty-six thousand pounds sterling), was to be made available in foreign exchange for the purpose of opening a letter of credit in favour of any company nominated by the appellants to import the machinery required by the appellants.
With the consent of the respondent, the appellants nominated Waf Export Ltd. based in London to supply the machinery and Midland Bank also based in London, as the confirming bank to the letter of credit transaction. Shortly after the execution of the said agreement, the appellants, drew the attention of the respondent, to the insufficiency of the said sum of 226,000.00 (two hundred and twenty-six thousand pounds sterling) foreign exchange earlier approved for the project. As a result of this information by the appellants to the respondent, the sum of $35,000.00 (thirty-five thousand dollars), was further approved by the respondents, bringing or making the total amount approved, to 245,860.32 (two hundred and forty-five thousand, eight hundred and sixty pounds thirty-two pence). The original proforma invoice was thereupon amended to reflect this later approval. The amended proforma is dated 4th February, 1988. The respondent, thereafter, forwarded the said invoice to Cotecna International Ltd. who are the Inspection Agents, for onward transmission to Midland Bank and the said suppliers.
It is noted by me that the said amendment was approved by the World Bank that had provided the line of credit and remitted the said amount of ‘a3245,860.32 to Midland Bank in order to finance the purchase based on the amended proforma invoice. It was after this, that the respondent, (not the plaintiffs as stated in the appellants brief), opened a letter of credit No. 880043/WB in which the said WAF Export Ltd, was named as the beneficiary.
The request for additional loan to the appellants, was confirmed to Cotecna International Liaison Office in Lagos by a letter exhibit F dated 19th July, 1988. Attached thereto, were exhibits F1 to F10 – i.e. particulars of the machinery specified for supply by WAF Export Ltd. (hereinafter called the suppliers) in view of the said amended letter of credit, the 1st appellant, on arrival from London to Nigeria on 30th Nov, 1988, approached the respondent with a request to extend its said letter of credit for another or further six months – i.e. to 30th June, 1989.
Things started to fall apart or wobble, when the appellants, learned that the suppliers, had deviated/reneged from the agreed supply of the machinery contained in or, specified in the said invoice and were looking for some sub-standard ones and were even trying to inflate the prices. The appellants immediately wrote exhibit ‘J’ dated 7th March, 1989 (not 17th March, 1989, as appears at pages 88 and 418 of the records). Exhibit J in headed/captioned “Application to stop the shipment of sub-standard machines and inflation of prices”.
In response to exhibit J, the respondent, wrote exhibit ‘K’ dated 8th March, 1989, to Cotecna International Ltd. As a result of the receipt of exhibit ‘M’ from Cotecna international Ltd. dated 31st May, 1989, to the appellants informing/intimating them that the suppliers had printed the appellants’ letter heads/headings and forged the signature in order to obtain documents from Cotecna International Ltd. (hereinafter called simply “Cotecna”) giving permission for a deviation from the original contract, the appellants, wrote exhibit O dated 8th July, 1989, asking or urging on the respondent, not to make any payment to the suppliers. The appellants again, wrote another letter – exhibit P dated 10th July, 1989 to the respondent and followed it up with a Telex of Telegram to the respondent urging it not to transact any business with any expired document.
Eventually, the appellants sought to substitute the suppliers, with another or new supplier – C.J. Services Ltd, but the respondent refused, it is as a result of the refusal, that the plaintiffs/appellants, instituted the action that has eventually led to the instant appeal.
The appellants’ case succeeded at the said trial High Court. The respondent appealed to the court below while the appellants cross-appealed. In the said unanimous decision, the court below, allowed the appeal of the respondent and dismissed the said cross-appeal.
In my humble and respectful view, the real and crucial issues for determination, are issues two, four and five of the appellants. The learned trial Judge at page 91 of the records, found that there was mutual distrust between the appellants and the suppliers or the agent. At page 93B of the records, (the side numbering is faulty).
His lordship, stated inter alia, as follows:
The alteration to the clean report of finding was made by the plaintiff with the connivance of the supplier.
“…It is not explained to the defendant what fatal effect the alteration by the two parties without the prior consent of the bank would have…”
He reproduced the concluding paragraph of exhibit ” M ” which read thus:
We would draw your attention to established procedure, which protect your interests, which state that any amendment to a Form “M” should be completed via the issuing bank and not in the form of a letter from the applicants.
Then at page 94, he stated as follows,.
I have a strong feeling that the agreement by the two parties to alter the Clean Report of Finding without resort to NBCI (i.e. the respondent) or Cotecna was made in ignorance.
He went on thus:
The only issue on which the supplier and the plaintiff agreed was the amendment of the proforma invoice
Form M dated 19/7/88, whereby the cost of machinery was increased by $35,000.00. Therefore, it was a catalogue of distrust between the plaintiff and the supplier ….”
His Lordship went on to expatiate and inter alia, stated as follows-
“…plaintiffs compared the list with the original order and found that the imported machinery were not according to the specification. This he reported to NBCI. – Plaintiff himself advised the Bank not to release money to the supplier for the machinery shipped to Nigeria. As the plaintiff’s Manager was rejecting the goods of the suppliers, he was on the other hand entering into an agreement with the suppliers to clear the machinery imported. He again applied for a loan to take delivery of the machinery he had himself originally condemned”.
At page 95, the learned trial Chief Judge, had a “swipe” on the 1st appellant. He had this to say, inter alia-
“…The report of the demand for gratification originated from the plaintiff . Furthermore, the plaintiff later again admitted that he (meaning the 2nd plaintiff/appellant) sought to over invoice his goods to accommodate what he had spent in travelling to London.
He went on, inter alia, as follows:
“in my view, the more serious complaint against the relationship of the supplier and the plaintiff is the total lack of trust between the two. The very basis of any commercial or business relationship is trust.
He expatiated and then stated inter alia, as follows:
“I agree with the submission of learned counsel for the defendants that the supplier by his fraudulent and unreliable style of business was responsible for the frustration of the contract agreement between the plaintiffs and the defendants. The plaintiff was no less guilty by his false accusation of the staff of the defendants”.
Then said he:
I do not believe the plaintiff (meaning the 2nd plaintiff) when he said that he was being forced by the officers of NBCI to sign documents that could be incriminatory or that he was arrested by the staff of the Bank on a chance visit to their premises …
Yet and yet, surprisingly and remarkably, for reasons best known to his Lordship, at pages 96 and 97 of the records, he made a U-turn so to speak and made the said orders at page 97 of the records part
of which I had reproduced earlier in this judgment. The court below – per Ba’aba, JCA at pages 434 to 435, stated as follows:
“I am therefore of the firm view that the refusal of the appellant to accept the new supplier nominated by the respondents does not constitute a breach of contract in the circumstances of this case as no self-respecting bank would commit its resources without imposing strict conditions. The case of Nasaralai v. Arab Bank (1986) 4 NWLR (Pt.36) 409 415 – 416 relied upon by the learned counsel for the respondents, is not applicable in this case where the letter of credit has expired. Even in Nasaralai (supra) the right of the appellant to reject a supplier was recognized.”
I agree. I will in fact add that with some of the findings or pronouncements of the learned trial Chief Judge hereinabove reproduced, no bank worth its while, will ever dare to have any further dealings with a customer such as the appellants or the 2nd appellant in particular, whose dubious activities, would amount to eating its/their cake and having it. Worse still, where their customer falsely, accused their staff of grievous wrong doing.
More disturbing, is/was, when the learned trial Chief Judge, proceeded to make an award or awards, that were never pleaded nor asked for by the appellants. He gave his reason for making the said orders at page 96 of the records, that the project still stands.
It need be emphasized, that the various findings of fact by the learned trial Chief Judge some of which I have reproduced in this judgment, were not appealed against by the appellants. The consequence in law, is that the said findings are deemed to be correct. See Chief Biariko & ors. v. Chief Edeh – Ogwile & ors. (2001) 4 SCNJ 335 @ 353, (2001) 12 NWLR (Pt.726) 235 cited and relied on by the learned counsel for the respondent; Ejowhomu v. Edok-Eter Ltd. (1986) 5 NWLR (Pt.39) 1; S.C 41 at 47 and Alhaji Adeyemi & anor. v. Chief Olakunri & 10 ors. (1999) 14 NWLR (Pt. 638) 204 @ 211 – 214; (1999) 12 SCNJ 224 just to mention but a few.
Again, the court below held that there is no dispute that the 2nd appellant, admitted that there were irregularities in the transaction caused by the suppliers. See page 434 of the record. I note that there is no appeal against this finding by the appellants.
A reading by me of paragraph 20 of the amended statement of defence, puts me in no doubt, that the respondent, gave very good reasons for its refusal to continue with the agreement – exhibit A – It is averred as follows:
“…the defendant avers that the mere nomination of a supplier by the plaintiff is not enough. Such a change must be approved by the defendant. The defendant categorically rejected the request for change of supplier through its letter LEG 649 Vol. 1 of 24th August, 1989 …”
See also paragraph 21 thereof.
I note that the appellants did not counter this weighty averment either by filing a further amended statement of claim or controverting it in their evidence. See also exhibit NN. – The two page letter dated September 13, 1991. See page 44 of the records.
I had stated that the reason given by the learned trial Chief Judge, is/was, that the project still stands. For said he:
“It is my view that what has been adversely affected is the transaction between the plaintiffs and their suppliers. If the suppliers are rejected as the plaintiffs have done the project still stands. Except the Midland Bank or even NBCI sees something wrong with the project or likely to cripple the project could the lenders withhold making an investment. Critical factors in the transactions between the plaintiff and the NBCI have been perpetrated by WAF Exports Ltd. If the plaintiffs denounced WAF export as they have done and seek to substitute him (sic) with another agent I see no reason why such a substitution should be refused. It is in evidence that no payment has been made to WAF export by Midland Bank or NBCI …”
With the greatest respect, the above reasoning or conclusion, is completely misconceived. It was because of this reasoning, that his Lordship, made the orders herein below reproduced. It need be borne
in mind, that the learned trial Chief Judge refused the declaration sought by the appellants. In other words, he refused the claims in the said paragraph 53 (i) and (ii) of the amended statement of claim.
His Lordship, as noted by me earlier in this judgment, granted the alternative claims (iii) (a) to (d). By implication, the learned trial Chief Judge, refused the claim in No.4 relating to interest.
I have deliberately gone this far because, it is now settled that an appeal, is by way of a re-hearing. See Sabru Motors Nig. Ltd. v. Rajab Enterprises Nig. Ltd. (2002) 7 NWLR (Pt.766) 243, (2002) 4SCNJ 270 @ 282; and Attorney-General, Anambra State & 5 ors. v. Okeke & 4 ors. (2002) 12 NWLR (Pt.782) 575, (2002) 5 SCNJ. 318 at 333.
For the avoidance of doubt, the orders read as follows:
It is my order that a new letter of credit be issued by the defendants with the plaintiffs at the Current price of the machinery and equipment to be ordered by the plaintiff.
In the alternative the plaintiff should be entitled to a refund by the bank of the fee of N24,000 paid as front, stamp duty, registration and other legal expenses, cost of obtaining Governor’91s consent and the equity of ‘a3410,000 raised by the plaintiff.
I had earlier reproduced the concluding paragraph of the trial court’s judgment at page 97 of the records. From the first order, the learned trial Chief Judge, with respect, was re-writing, the contract agreement of the parties. Surely, and on the decided authorities, he was not entitled to do so. See Fakorede & ors. v. Attorney-General of Western State (1972) 1 All NLR 178 at 189; (1972) 3 S.C. 79; Oduye (Mrs.) v. Nigeria Airways Ltd. (1987) 2 NWLR (Pt.55) 126; (1987) 4 SCNJ 40; Mrs. Layade v. Panalpina World Transport Nig. Ltd. (1996) 6 NWLR (Pt.456) 544, (1996) 7 SCNJ 1 @ 14 – 15 – per Adio, JSC, and many others.
It is noted by me that in the appellants’ issue No.1, the learned counsel for the appellants forcefully attacked and deprecated the said conclusion of the learned trial Chief Judge that the fraud and distrust of the suppliers by the plaintiffs frustrated the business deal of the appellants and that this led to a breach of the mortgage agreement. However, what is important in my respectful view in this appeal, is that the said award or order or orders made by the learned trial Chief Judge, is/are at variance with the alternative claim.
Surely, if the learned trial Judge found as a fact and held that the contract had been frustrated for whatever reason, he had no right or business, to make the said order or orders. I so hold.
It is now firmly settled in a plethora of decided authorities/ cases by this court, that a court, does not award what is not sought by a party or what is not claimed by a party. See Ekpenyong v. Nyong (1975) 2 S.C. 71 @ 81- 82; Kalio v. Daniel-Kalio (1975) 2 S.C 15 @ 17-19. Makanjuola & anor. v. Chief Balogun (1989) 3 NWLR (Pt. 108) 192 at 206; (1989) 5 SCNJ 42; Olurotimi v.Ige (Mrs) (1993) 8 NWLR (Pt.311) 257 at 271; (1993) 10 SCNJ 1 and recently, Adeye & 8 ors. v. Chief Adesanya & 3 ors. (2001) 6 NWLR (Pt.708) 1, (2001) 2 SCNJ 79 and Joe Golday Co. Ltd. & 5 ors. v. Co-operative Development Bank Plc (2003) 5 NWLR (Pt.814) 586, (2003) 2 SCNJ 1 at 20 just to mention but a few.
The court below at page 406 of the records, stated inter alia as follows:
“I agree with the submission of the learned counsel for the appellant that looking at the claims of the respondents contained in the amended statement of claim at pages 12 -13 of the record and the award granted to the respondents by the learned trial Chief Judge at pages 96 – 97 of the record they do not appear to correspond hence the said orders are ultra vires and void.
It has been decided in a long list of authorities that the court should never award what was never claimed or pleaded by either party: See Ekwunife v. Wayne (W/A) Ltd. (1989) 5 NWLR (Pt.122) 427; (1989) 5 NWLR (Pt.22) 427; Ekpenyong v. Inyang (sic) (1975) S.C. 71, 80 89.
The above pronouncement, cannot be faulted by me as it is settled law.
  In view of the fact and I so hold, that the issue in this appeal, is a simple and straightforward one and which is clearly taken care of by issues two (2) and five (5) of the appellants in their said brief, my answers to the said (2) issues, is rendered in the affirmative/positive; while my answer to issue five (5), is in the negative. In the circumstances, since I am of the respectful view, that the other issues one, three, four and six, are non-issues, irrelevant and amount to academic issues or chasing the shadow instead of the substance, and this court is precluded from going into them, the said issues are hereby and accordingly, struck out by me. In the end result or final analysis, this appeal is devoid of any substance or merit. It fails and it isaccordingly dismissed. I hereby affirm the said decision of the court below. I award N10,000.00 (ten thousand naira) costs in favour of the respondent payable to it by the appellants.
SC. 252/2001
