Yele Oyeneyin & Anor V. Dr. A. Akinkugbe & Anor (2010)
LAWGLOBAL HUB Lead Judgment Report
OLUFUNLOLA OYELOLA ADEKEYE, J.S.C.
The parties in this appeal commenced an action before the High Court of Justice, Ondo State in the Ondo Judicial Division. The respondents-cross appellants as plaintiffs before the trial court sued the 1st appellant/cross-respondent claiming as follows:-
(i) Possession;
(ii) N100 per day from the 1st December, 1989 as agreed penalty until possession is given up
(iii) N100,000 damages for trespass committed by the 1st defendant, his agents and privies to Chief E. A. Akinkugbe’s land to the North and West of the area granted to the 1st defendant by the plaintiffs in 1972 which is verged black in the survey plan by G. G. Okunsanya dated 2nd June, 1992.
(iv) Perpetual injunction restraining the 1st defendant from committing further acts of trespass over the land referred to in (3) above.
The 2nd appellant who was joined as 2nd defendant by the Order of the High Court dated 26th July, 1990, counterclaimed against the respondents and the 1st appellant respectively as follows –
(i) Declaration that the Loduti and Ajaka family are the ones entitled to a grant of statutory right of Occupancy over the land in dispute at Lisaluwa otherwise called Oke-Obara, Ondo.
(ii) Declaration that the Loduti and Ajaka family as represented by the 2nd defendant are the ones entitled to collect rent from the 1st defendant or anybody occupying the land in dispute.
(iii) An order against the 1st defendant not to pay any rent in respect of the land in dispute to the plaintiffs or any other person except to the 2nd defendant’s family.
(iv) An order against the 1st defendant to pay any rent due and any subsequent rent on the land in dispute to the 2nd defendant’s family
(v) An order of injunction restraining the plaintiffs, their servants, privies, agents or anybody claiming through them from collecting rent from the 1st defendant or from anybody or all in respect of the land in dispute or from any claim to the land in dispute.
Both defendants-appellants joined issues with the plaintiffs-respondent in their further Amended Statement of Defence as the matter proceeded to hearing. The two plaintiffs-respondents relied on their evidence and called two other witnesses. The respondents/cross-appellants prosecuted the case as executors of the estate of their deceased father to whom they traced their root of title. They relied on Deed of Conveyance of the disputed land to their late father, Exhibit A dated the 10th of December, 1962 from the Okedoko family, and remaining part of the land from the Loduti and Ajaka Families by virtue of Exhibit B another deed of Conveyance also dated 16th December, 1962 a composite survey plan of the land Exh. K, notice of plaintiffs/respondents/cross-appellants intention to terminate the tenancy and recover possession after three years grace given to the 1st appellant/cross-respondent to relocate his sawmill from the land in dispute, Exh. H and Letters of Probate incorporating the will of their deceased father, Chief S. A. Akinkugbe. The 1st and 2nd appellants/cross-respondents testified in person and called four other witnesses. In an exhaustive and considered judgment of the learned trial Judge delivered on the 20th of February, 1995 the court partially granted the claims of the respondents/cross-appellants against the 1st appellant as follows:-
(a) The relief for possession
(b) Allowed N2000 per annum in accordance with Section 5 and 6 of the Landlord and Tenants Law Cap 55 Laws of Ondo State, which turned out to be a sum of N10,500 for the period in the penalty clause of Exh. 11 instead of the N100 per day stipulated therein.
(c) N25,000 as damages for trespass committed by the 1st appellant on the land – west of the sawmill. Dimissed the claim in respect of the land north of the sawmill with the two buildings and the fence erected in favour of the 1st appellant.
(d) Perpetual injunction in respect of the land on which the sawmill stands and the area west of it, as well as the lands described in Exhibits A and B shown on Exhibit K without the two buildings of the 1st defendant.
The court refused the 2nd appellant/cross-respondents counter claim in its entirety.
Being dissatisfied with the judgment, the appellants and the respondents appealed against it to the Court of Appeal. The Court of Appeal found no merit in the appeal and consequently dismissed it. The court however allowed the respondents’ cross appeal. Being aggrieved by the judgment, the appellants filed a further appeal and the respondents a further cross-appeal to this court. Both parties exchanged pleadings. When the appeal was heard on the 26th of October, 2007 – the appellant relied on the appellants’ brief of argument filed on 13/7/05 wherein five issues were settled for determination by the court as follows:-
(i) Whether the Court of Appeal was right when it held that Exhibit “A” and “B” are valid and conferred valid title on the respondents when the grant made vide Exhibits A and B are void ab initio.
(ii) Whether the Court of Appeal rightly distinguished the present case from Lawal v. G.B. Ollivant (Nig). Ltd. (1922) All NLR pg. 211 without stating reasons and particulars of differences in the two cases.
(iii) Whether the Court of Appeal was right in justifying the award of trial court for the sum of N25,000 (Twenty Five Thousand Naira) representing damages for the loss of economic trees when such has not been specifically pleaded or proved.
(iv) Whether the Court of Appeal was right in allowing the cross-appeal of the plaintiffs/respondents in its entirety having found that the trial court was right to have used the cross-appellants unchallenged evidence and held that the title in the land North of the sawmill had passed to the 1st defendant.
(v) Whether the Court of Appeal rightly upheld the Penalty Clause contained in Exhibit H which is outside the ambit of the mandatory provision of the applicable law, on the ground that it is a voluntary agreement which is binding on the parties.
The respondents adopted and relied on the respondents’ brief filed on 18/10/85 and formulated four issues for determination as follows:-
(1) Whether the Court of Appeal was right in not disturbing the High Court’s decision granting possession to the respondent over the land described as sawmill.
(2) Whether Court of Appeal was right in justifying the award of the trial court of the sum of N25,000 (Twenty Five Thousand Naira) as damages to the land described as being part of the sawmill.
(3) Whether the Court of Appeal was right in upholding the terms of Exhibit H.
(4) Whether the Court of Appeal acted on the right principles in granting the respondents cross-appeal in its entirety.
It is my candid view that the issues raised by the parties are similar in that they raised the same questions though couched differently. I intend to be guided by the issues formulated by the appellant.
Issue One
Whether the Court of Appeal was right when held that Exhibits “A” and “BA” are valid and conferred valid title on the respondents when the grant made vide Exhibits A and B are void ab initio.
The appellants submitted that the trial court gave judgment to the respondents on the strength of Exhibits A and B which judgment was confirmed and upheld by the Court of Appeal whereas the Okedoko family as a grantor did not make Exh. A in their representative capacity on behalf of the family nor was Exh. B. made by the head and accredited principal members of Loduti and Ajaka family. Those who granted the land did so in their individual capacities. A grant of family land without the consent of the head and accredited principal members of the family is void in law. The Court of Appeal therefore erred when it held on to the evidence of PW2 that Lodoti and Ajaka families gave land to his father in 1962 was unchallenged. The evidence was challenged by DW2 and 2nd appellant. There was no evidence to show that the land conveyed by Exhs. A and B was partitioned. Documents which are therefore a nullity and void in law cannot convey any title to the respondent. Cases were cited in support of the foregoing
Folami v. Cole (1990) 2 NWLR (pt.133) pg. 445
Kalio v. Woluchem & Anor. (1985) 1 NWLR (Pt.4) Pg. 610 at 612.
Adejumo v. Ayantegbe (1989) 3 NWLR (Pt.110) pgs. 442 – 448
Ekpendu v. Erika (1959) 4 FSC Pg. 29.
Ige v. Fagbohun (2002) FWLR (pt.91) pg. 1545 at 1565
Mogaji v. Cadbury Nig. Ltd. (1985) 2 NWLR (pt.7) pg. 393
UBN Ltd. v. Ozigi (1994) 3 NWLR (pt.33) pg. 385
Nimanteks Associates v. Macro Construction Co. Ltd. (1991) 2 NWLR (pt. 174) pg. 411 at 427
Niger Dams v. Lajide (1973) 5 S.C. Pg. 207
The respondents replied that the Court of Appeal was right in not disturbing the High Court’s decision granting possession to the respondents over the land covered by the sawmill. The learned trial judge drew attention to the inconsistency in the pleading of the 1st appellant and his evidence denying that a landlord and tenant relationship existed between himself and the respondents – a fact which the be later admitted that the relationship existed. The Court of Appeal preferred the claim to title made by the respondents to that of the 2nd respondent in view of the evidence proffered by the latter based on Exhs. A, B, F, G, H, J and K. The Court of Appeal found that the conveyance Exh. A was made for the purpose of formalizing the gift made to the respondent’s father in 1954 – and the court found nothing improper about them. As to the signature to Exhibit A, the Court of Appeal found that DW3 under cross-examination identified the persons who signed Exhibit A as head and principle members of the Okedoko family. The court also found the evidence of traditional history given by DW2 in support of the appellants’ claim to title of the land in dispute inconsistent. The respondent cited the case of Akibu v. Oduntan (2000) 13 NWLR (Pt.685) pg. 446 at 473 paragraphs G – H.
The court is urged to resolve the issue in favour of the respondents.
The respondents/cross-appellants as plaintiffs in the trial court claimed against the 2nd appellant and in the counterclaim defended the possession of the piece and parcel of land at Lisaluwa shown in the survey plan Exh. K dated the 2nd of June, 1992. It is trite that-
(1) When the issue as to which of the two claimants has a better right to possession or occupation of a piece or parcel of land in dispute, the law will ascribe such possession and/or occupation to the person who proves a better title.
Aramire v. Awoyenu (1972) 1 NWLR (Pt.1) Pg. 101
Fuson v. Beyioku (1988) 2 NWLR (Pt.76) pg. 263
Also where two parties are on land claiming possession, the possession being disputed, trespass can only be at the suit of that party who can show that title of land is in him.
Magaji v. Cadbury Nigeria Ltd. (1985) 7 SC. 59
Onwuka v. Ediala (1989) 1 NWLR (Pt.96) pg. 182
Elchunde v. Adeyoju (2000) 10 NWLR (Pt.676) pg. 562
In the suit before the High Court, the respondents/cross-appellants as plaintiffs claimed for possession, trespass and perpetual injunction. Where as claim for trespass is coupled with a claim for an injunction – the title of the parties to the land in dispute is automatically put in issue – particularly in this case in view of the pleading in the counterclaim of the 2nd appellant/cross-respondent.
Akintola v. Lasupo (1911) 3 NWLR (Pt.180) pg. 508
Okorie v. Udom (1960) SCNLR P.326
The Registered Trustees of the Apostolic Church v. Olowoteru (1990) 6 NWLR (Pt.158) pg. 514.
The respondents/cross-appellants traced their root of title to the land in dispute to grants made to their deceased father, High Chief Sasere Akinkugbe by the Okedoko, Loduti and Ajaka families. The documents of title relied upon to prove their father’s title to the land- which devolved on them as beneficiaries and executors of the estate of High Chief E. A. Akinkugbe are the Conveyances tendered and admitted as part of evidence as Exhibits A – B. The respondents gave evidence of the gift of the land in 1954, and the two conveyances executed in 1962.
Production of document of title, which are duly authenticated is one of the five recognized ways in which ownership or title to land may be proved.
It is the duty of the plaintiff in an action for declaration of title to land to adduce sufficient and credible evidence to establishe the mode of acquisition of his title and the plaintiff must succeed on the strength of his own case.
Idundun v. Okumagba (1976) 9 – 10 SC 227
Nkado v. Obiano (1997) 5 NWLR (pt.503) pg. 31
Onwugbufor v. Okoye (1996) 1 NWLR (Pt.424) Pg. 252
Atanda v. Ajani (1989) 3 NWLR (pt.111)
Anyanwu v. Mbara (1992) 5 NWLR (Pt.242) Pg. 381
Alli v. Alesinloye (2000) 6 NWLR (Pt.660) pg. 177
The appellants challenged the signatories on the conveyance Exhibits A and B- that they were not made by the grantor Okedoko family in their representative capacity or by the accredited and principal members of the Loduti and Ajaka families. The misconception was laid to rest by the evidence of DW3 who identified the executors as head and principal members of Okedoko family under cross-examination. (vide page 291) of the Record).
Mere production of a valid instrument of grant does not necessarily carry with it an automatic grant of the relief of declaration. The production of an instrument of grant of title carries with it the need for the court to inquire into a number of questions including:-
(a) Whether the document is genuine and valid
(b) Whether it had been duly executed, stamped and registered
(c) Whether the grantor had the authority and capacity to make the grant
(d) Whether the grantor had in fact what he purported to grant
(e) Whether it had the effect claimed by the holder of the instrument.
The learned trial judge in his well considered judgment scrutinized the conveyance Exhibit A and B and found that they complied with the factors adumbrated above. Pages 304 of the Record.
Enilolobo v. Adegbesan (2000) 11 NWLR (pt.698) pg. 611
Romaine v. Romaine (1992) 4 NWLR (pt.238) Pg. 650
In law a void act is an act which has no legal effect or consequence. It does not confer any legal right or title whatsoever, and it does not also impose any legal obligation or liability on any one or make any party liable to suffer any penalty or disadvantage.
Okafor v. A-G., Anambra State (1991) 6 NWLR (Pt.200) pg. 659
Saleh v. Monguno (2003) 1 NWLR (Pt. 801) pg. 221
Exhibits A and B contrary to the opinion of the appellants/cross-respondents, do not fit into the foregoing – they are not void ab initio but are legally viable documents – conveyances executed in 1962 to give legal recognition to the customary grant of land made in 1954 to the deceased father of the respondents/cross-appellants by the Okedoko family, Loduti and Ajaka families
I resolve issue one in favour of the respondents.
Issue Two
Whether the Court of Appeal rightly distinguished the present case from Lawal v. G. B. Ollivant (Nig.) Ltd. (1972) All NLR without stating reasons and particulars of differences in the two cases.
The appellants contended that Exh. A which is the deed of conveyance made in 1962 and registered at Ibadan now Akure wherein the deed of gift made in 1954 was recited but not pleaded and tendered in evidence is fatal to the case of the respondents since the origin of their title in the parcel of land can be traced to the said deed of gift of 1954. The appellants therefore urge this court to discountenance the finding and holding of the Court of Appeal as having occasioned a miscarriage of justice against the appellant and find in favour of the appellants as considered in the case of Lawal v. G. B. Ollivant (Nig.) Ltd. that Exhibit A alone without recourse to unpleaded deed of gift made in 1954- in favour of Chief E. A. Akinkugbe cannot grant title of land and West of the sawmill in favour of the respondents.
I agree with the finding of the Court of Appeal that the deed of gift now embodied in the conveynance Exh. A as the recitals – give absolute ownership of the land in question to the respondents. The conveyance has given format recognition to the transfer of land by the grantor family to the deceased father of the respondent. Having embodied the deed of gift in the recital, of the conveyance, no legal recognition is attached to the deed of gift – which can no longer stand on its own. Its content is now subsumed in the conveyance. It will amount to an academic exercise by the court or legal semantics to elaborate on the position of an unpleaded document. The court of Appeal said categorically on pg. 486 of the record that the case Lawal v. G. B. Ollivant is different from this case in hand. Cases are not to be cited at large. The facts of the case must be similar, whereas generally speaking cases are decided on their peculiar circumstances or facts. Citing cases that are inapplicable to the peculiar findings in a particular matter lead to grave misconception and ultimately miscarriage of justice. Embarking upon an exercise of comparing and distinguishing an irrelevant case amounts to an unproductive academic exercise – which the courts must shun in the furtherance of development of law.
This issue is resolved in faovur of the respondents.
Issue 3
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in justifying the award of N25,000 (Twenty Five Thousand Naira) representing damages for loss of economic tress where such has not been specifically pleaded.
The appellants submitted on this issue that the award of N25,000 as damages for the destruction of economic trees which was neither claimed in the respondent’s pleading and not proved specifically was wrongly award and was no basis in law. The appellants cited the case of Incar Nigeria Ltd v. Benson Transport Ltd. (1975) 3 SC pg. 177
Jaba v. Bassmar (1952) 14 WACA pg. 140
The appellants further submitted that non payment of filing fees in respect of such award is fatal to such an award and same should be set aside. The appellants referred to the cases of Onwugbufor v. Okoye (1996) 1 SCNJ pg. 1 at pg. 36; Saudi v. Abdullahi (1989) 4 NWLR (pt.116) pg. 387
The respondents submitted that the Court of Appeal was right in justifying the award of the trial court for the sum of N25,000 (Twenty Five Thousand Naira) as damages to the land described as being west of the sawmill. At pg. 488 of the Record, the Court of Appeal found that the trespass to the said piece of land had been admitted by the 1st appellant- and in the circumstance damages was payable.
The court then enunciated the principle laid down in the case of Union Bank of Nigeria Limited v. Odusote Book Stores Limited (1995) 9 NWLR (Pt.421) pg. 559 at pg. 585 on when an appellate court will interfere with the award of damages made by a trial court and concluded that the appellants have not satisfied the court of appeal that any of the circumstances enunciated in that case existed.
The court is duty bound to emphasize that issue of award of damages is usually the duty of the trial court. In the instance of this case the plaintiffs/respondents claimed before the trial court as relief number three –
(3) N100,000 damages for trespass committed by the 1st defendant, his agents and privies to Chief E. A. Akinkugbe deceased land to the North and West of the area granted to the 1st defendant by plaintiffs in 1972 which is marked black in Survey plan drawn by E. F. Olusanya Licensed Surveyor dated 2nd June, 1992.
At pages 350 – 353 the learned trial judge in his findings of fact concluded, particularly at pg. 352 that the 1st appellant abused the authority granted to him to enter the land on which his sawmill was built by moving over and encroaching on the plaintiffs’ adjacent land without the permission and consent of the legal owners of the statutory right of occupancy to both parcels of land. Where a person having entered upon land under an authority given by law and subsequently abuses that authority, he becomes a trespasser ab initio, his conduct relating back so as to make his original entry tortuous. He also held at pg. 351 that proof of ownership is proof of possession. The learned trial judge awarded a sum of N25,000 rather than N100,000 for the trespass of the 1st defendant into the land of the respondent West of the sawmill. Generally the trial court has discretion as to the quantum of damages it would award in a claim of damages for trespass. The assessment does not depend on any legal rules- but the discretion of court is however limited by usual caution or prudence and remoteness of damage when considering its award of damages. An appellate court will not interfere with an award of damages by a trial court unless in situations which include
(a) Where the Court acted under wrong principles of law
(b) Where the Court acted in disregard of applicable principles of law
(c) Where the Court acted in misapprehension of facts
(d) Where the Court took into consideration irrelevant matters and disregarded relevant matters whilst considering its award
(e) Where injustice will result if the appellate court does not act
(f) Where the amount awarded is ridiculously low or ridiculously high that it must have been an erroneous estimate of the damages.
U.B.N. v. Odusote Bookstores Ltd. (1995) 9 NWLR (Pt.421) pg. 558
Solanke v. Ajibola (1969) 1 NMLR pg. 45
Ziks Press Ltd. v. Alvan Ikoku (1951) 13 WACA 188
Thompson v. Adetope (1961) 1 ANLR Pg. 322
ACB Ltd v. Apugo (2001) 5 NWLR (pt.707) pg. 653
The Court of Appeal held that the appellants failed to show that the award of N25,000 damages by the trial court is affected by any of the above mentioned factors. The amount was affirmed as damages from economic trees. This court has no premise to change the view and conclusion of the trial court and the lower court on the award of damages. It is a discretion well exercised by the two lower courts.
I resolve issue three in favour of the respondents.
Issue Four
Whether the Court of Appeal was right in allowing the cross-appeal of the plaintiffs-respondents in its entirety, having found that the trial court was right to have used the cross-appellants’ unchallenged evidence and held that title in the land North of the sawmill had passed to the 1st defendant/respondent.
The appellants in this issue complained that the order made by the Court of Appeal in the cross-appeal is at variance with its finding on issue one in the cross-appeal. The Court of Appeal should have allowed the cross-appeal of the plaintiff/cross-appellants in part instead of finding merit in the cross-appeal. Where the finding of the trial court was neither disturbed nor impeached by the appellate court for any reason, the holding of such trial court should not be disturbed. The Court of Appeal should not have disturbed the holding of the trial court for any reason. The Court of Appeal made concurrent finding with the trial court conferring title in the land in dispute North of the sawmill areas on the 1st appellant. The Court of Appeal should not make on order which is at variance with its finding. The appellants cited cases.
Osolu v. Osolu (2003) FWLR pt. 172 pg. 177 at pg. 1794
Brown v. Zibiri (2003) FWLR Pt. 172 pg. 1920 at 1934
Agbaje v. Ajibola (2002) FWLR Pt.92 pg. 1677 at 1695.
The respondent submitted on this issue that the Court of Appeal acted on the right principles in granting the respondents’ cross-appeal as it relates to the land described as being situate North of the sawmill. Having found that the respondent had proved better title to the said land as against the 2nd appellant through whom the 1st appellant was claiming the said land. The court had no option but to grant the respondents prayer for trespass and injunction. The appellants belated evidence that he purchased the land North of the sawmill from member of the respondents’ family was at variance with the case be put forward and therefore goes to no issue. The respondent urged the court to resolve the issue in favour of the respondents.
The lower court in the consideration of the cross-appeal agreed that the 1st appellant/cross-respondent did not plead fact of the sale of the land North of the sawmill to him by a member of the family of the cross-appellants but the cross-appellants pleaded it in their evidence and gave evidence through the 2nd plaintiff/cross-appellant to that effect. The cross-appellants have supplied the evidence required by the 1st respondent/cross-respondent to strengthen his case in the acquisition of the land North of the sawmill. The Court of Appeal included that the court was right to have made use of the unchallenged evidence of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants to vest title in the land North of the sawmill in the 1st defendant/cross-respondent. The court gave order in favour of the cross-appellants rather than the 1st cross-respondent – the cross-appellants having lost on that issue I agree with the submission of the appellants. I regard the order of court as a mere omission which this court stands in a position to rectify.
This issue is resolved in favour of the 1st defendant/cross-respondent.
Issue Five
Whether the Court of Appeal rightly upheld the Penalty Clause contained in Exh. H. which is outside the ambit of the mandatory provision of the applicable law, on the ground that it is a voluntary agreement which is binding on the parties.
The appellants submitted that the trial court did not re-write the contract between the parties. The trial court only made effort to eradicate the illegality in the amount agreed on as penalty in Exhibit 11. The amount N100 per day is excessive and does not conform with the express provisions of the landlord and Tenant Law – Section 5 and 6. The amount of N100 per day instead of N2000 per annum is undoubtedly excessive. The trial court allowed the respondents relief to the extent permitted by the applicable law. The appellant cites cases –
Abscoss Ltd. v. K.W.P.T. Ltd. (1987) 4 NWLR (pt.67) pg. 894
Sodipo v. Lemmin Kainem Oy & Anor. (1986) 1 NWLR (pt.15) pg. 220 232 paragraph Fg 233.
The respondents replied that the Court of Appeal was right in upholding the terms of Exhibit H – as it is not in all cases that equity will be invited to interfere in bargains made by parties. Payment of N100 per day if he failed to vacate the property described in the agreement on the date agreed is a penalty clause which is unenforceable in equity. Exh. H was made in the peculiar background of the 1st appellant denying the respondents to the land and setting that of the 2nd appellant against them. The 1st appellant cannot ask the court to grant him concession which will prevent the respondent from deriving benefit from an agreement which granted concession to him on the face of the record. The 1st appellant did not plead any defence against the penalty clause in the trail court, it cannot be raised at the Court of Appeal. Since the only complaint before the Court of Appeal was the amount awarded by the trial court invoking Section 5 and 6 of the Landlord and Tenants Law of Ondo State, the 1st appellant should have filed a Respondent’s Notice the Court of appeal was not in a position to entertain that point. The sum total of argument of the appellants under the issue is that parties to an agreement not under the mandatory provisions of Sections 5 and 6 of the Landlord and Tenant Law of Ondo State cannot enforce the provisions by a penalty clause. The 1st appellant and the respondents executed Exh. H. – when the former was persistently in default of the payment of the rent of the landed property of the respondent where he operated his sawmill. It became apparent that he denied them as landlord of the property and recognized the 2nd appellant as the owner of the land. The respondents served him with notice to quit. He appealed for a period of three years to relocate. The respondents agreed with him and his rent was slashed by half so as to facilitate his moving away from the land without hindrances. However in the agreement Exhibit H entered into by the parties, was inserted a clause that if the 1st respondent did not vacate the land after the three years requested by him – he was still occupying the land – and he would pay penalty which is an amount of N100 per day for as long as he remains on the land. Exh. H is designed to make him quit the land of the respondent at all cost. His continued occupation of the land was against their interest. The peculiar circumstance of the agreement and the imposition of the penalty clause – the parties did not envisage the provisions of Section 5 and 6 of the Landlord and Tenant Law and nothing in the contents of Exhibit H is to bring it under the provision of that law. He clearly understood the implications of such agreement. Exh. H imposed its own terms in the peculiar circumstance of the case which is binding on the parties. In view of the fact that this is not an ordinary landlord and tenant transaction the peculiar nature of the transaction having brought it outside the scope of the landlord and tenant law. Penalty clause in Exh. H is a sanction imposed in the event of allowing a situation which could be prevented to happen. In enforcing the penalty clause in a contract one has to consider the circumstances of the particular case.
Stockholder v. Johnson (1954) 1 All E.R pg. 630
In the case, the 1st appellant was paying a rent of N1000 per annum while the penalty clause made provision for the payment of N100 per day until the 1st defendant vacates the land.
A penalty clause is defined in Black’s Law Dictionary Eight Edition as
“A contractual provision that assesses against a defaulting party an excessive monetary charge unrelated to actual harm. Penalty clauses are generally unenforceable, particularly when clauses of the nature are designed to terrorize or frighten the party into performance.
For example a contract may provide that the promissory is to pay N5 on a certain event but if he fails to do so, he must then pay N500. A clause of that kind is called a penalty clause by lawyers. For several years, it has been the law that such promises cannot be enforced on the ground that it is unfair and unconsciousnable to enforce clauses which are designed to terrorize.”
In the peculiar circumstance of Exh. H – where the penalty clause demands for the payment of N100 per day for occupation of land where the usual rent is N100 annually is morally unjustifiable. The trial court cannot salvage an unenforceable transaction by applying the landlord and tenant law neither has the trial court the vires to formulate cases for the parties. I resolve this issue in favour of the appellants.
The amount awarded under the landlord and tenant law is therefore uncalled for Public Policy in Nigeria supports the fact that parties should be made to honour obligations entered into voluntarily between themselves to the extent that it is enforceable.
In effect this appeal succeeds in part.
The respondents filed a cross-appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal delivered on the 16th of May, 2000. When the cross-appeal was heard on the 26th of October, 2009, the cross-appellants adopted and relied on the cross-appellants brief filed on 30/1/09 wherein two issues were settled for determination as follows-
(a) Whether or not the learned justices of the Court of Appeal were right in accepting the finding of the learned trail judge which were based on evidence which was at variance with facts pleaded by the 1st defendant.
(b) Whether or not the learned justices of the Court of Appeal were right in accepting the findings of the learned trial judge that there was uncontroverted evidence of PW3 that a member of his family sold the land to the North of the sawmill to the 1st defendant.
The cross-respondents adopted and relied on their brief deemed filed on 8/2/09. Wherein they adopted the two foregoing issues settled by the cross-appellants for determination for the purpose of this appeal.
Issue One
Whether or not the learned justices of the Court of Appeal was right in accepting the findings of the learned trial judge which were based on evidence which was at variance with facts pleaded by the 1st defendant.
The cross-appellants drew attention to the inconsistency in the evidence of the 1st appellant in court – where he admitted that he was challenged by a member of plaintiffs family Ibitoye while erecting a building on the land, North of the sawmill and he had to pay N3,000 to the same member as purchase price for the land. When he acquainted the 2nd plaintiff who also challenged him during the construction of the building that be had purchased the land from his brother Ibitoye. He gave him the go ahead to carry on the construction.
The 1st appellant however pleaded in paragraphs 16 and 17 of the Further Amended Statement of Claim that he had no transaction with the plaintiff/cross-appellants in respect of the land.
The evidence of the 1st appellant/cross-respondent in court is at variance with the pleading. The evidence of the 1st appellant/cross-respondent that he bought this piece of land from the plaintiffs’ family is inadmissible.
The learned trial judge should not have dismissed the plaintiffs/cross-appellants claim for injunction restraining the 1st defendant from committing acts of trespass over the said land. The Court of Appeal fell into the same error by holding that it is the duty of the plaintiffs/cross-appellant to adduce credible evidence to satisfy the trial court of their claim North of the sawmill.
The cross-respondents submitted that the findings of the trial court was based on the evidence adduced by PW3 in line with their statement of claim. The evidence supported the evidence adduced by the 1st defendant/cross-respondent in court. It was the case of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants – based on their pleadings and evidence in court that a member of their family sold the land – North of the sawmill to the 1st defendant/cross-respondent. It was the unchallenged evidence of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants and confirmed under cross-examination by the 1st defendant/cross-respondents cited cases –
Mogaji v. Cadbury Nig. Ltd. (1985) 2 NWLR (pt.7) pg. 393 at pg. 425
Akpapuna & Anor. v. Obi Nzeka & Anor. (1983) 2 SCNLR pg. 1
Gaji v. Paye (2003) FWLR (pt.163) pg.1
This cross-appeal affects the judgments of the trial court and the lower court in respect of the portion of land North of the sawmill of the 1st appellant/cross-respondent which forms a fraction or a portion of the land of the deceased father of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants now subject matter of dispute. In the judgment of court and in the main appeal – there is ample evidence that regardless of the claim and in view of the unchallenged evidence to that affect, the trial court conceded ownership of the portion North of the sawmill on which the 1st defendant/cross-respondent had constructed houses to him. In view of the counter claim of the 2nd appellant/cross-respondent, the title of the land claimed by the plaintiffs/cross-appellants was put in issue. In the pleadings and evidence of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants particularly from PW3 – one of the beneficiaries of the Estate of Chief E. A. Akinkugbe and the 2nd plaintiff/cross-appellant, said a member of the family, his half blood brother had sold the land to the 1st defendant/cross-respondent or a sum of N3000. Though the evidence of PW3 in court was categorized as hearsay as he was not a party to the sale, the sale was confirmed by the 1st appellant/cross-respondent on oath. The learned trial judge after reviewing the entire circumstance of sale of that land – in the event that the 1st appellant/cross-respondent construction of his buildings on the land lasted over a period of years and to the knowledge of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants concluded in his judgment that –
“If the plaintiffs were allowed to get judgment for possession of the land on which the 2nd plaintiff’s two building were erected it would amount to Olabitoye Akinkugbe and his senior brothers of the half blood envisaging or trying to enjoy the benefit of the purchase price or the money or price of the land without consideration and yet allowed to recover possession – it would be most unjust and inhuman and it would amount to court being used as an engine of fraud to allow the plaintiff and Ibitoye Akinkugbe to benefit by pocketing the proceeds of the land viz N3000 and never the less the land itself.”
It was the reasoning and conclusion of the Court of Appeal on the other hand that –
“It is trite law that a plaintiff has to rely on the strength of his own case and not on the weakness of the defence. See
Mogaji v. Cadbury Nig. Ltd. (1988) 2 NWLR (Pt.7) pg. 353 at 429
Kodilinye v. Odu (1936) WACA pg. 336 at page 337
It is the duty of the plaintiff/cross-appellant to adduce credible evidence to satisfy the trial court of their claim to the land North of the sawmill. The plaintiffs instead of doing that adduced evidence to found title in the 1st defendant – I am of the view that the trial court was right to have made use of that unchallenged evidence and hold title in the land North of the sawmill had passed to the 1st defendant/cross-respondent.”
I agree with the foregoing conclusion of the lower courts. The onus is on the plaintiff in an action involving title to satisfy the court that he is entitled on the evidence brought by him to the declaration of title claimed. He must rely on the strength of his case and not on the weakness of the defendant’s case.
Kodilinye v. Odu (1935) 2 WACA pg. 336
Akinola v. Olumo (1962) 1 SCNLR pg. 352
Oduaran v. Asarah (1972) 1 ALL NLR (pt.2) pg. 137
Idundun v. Okumagba (1976) 9 – 10 SC 227
Mogaji v. Cadbury Nig. Ltd. (1985) 2 NWLR (pt.7) pg. 393
In an effort to adduce evidence in support of their claim to title the plaintiffs/cross-appellants gave away a portion of the disputed land to the 1st appellant/cross-respondent. The evidence of the cross-appellants strengthen the otherwise shaky and unstable evidence of the 1st appellant/cross-respondent to earn him the portion of the land. The owners of the land who should guard their property jealously were not opposed to the sale by their half brother – the courts have no basis to set aside the transfer of land. The 1st appellant cannot be a trespasser on his own land – therefore the claim for trespass must fail. Once there is no finding for trespass, an injunction cannot be granted as there is no possession in party to protect.
This issue is resolved in favour of the 1st cross-respondent.
Issue No. 2
Whether the learned justices of the Court of Appeal were right in accepting the findings of the learned trial judge that there was uncontroverted evidence by PW3 that a member of his family sold the land to the North of the sawmill to the 1st defendant.
The cross-appellants submitted on this issue that it was wrong for the Court of Appeal to have relied on evidence stated above as unchallenged evidence in that –
(a) it constitutes hearsay evidence as the PW3 was only stating what the 1st defendant told him
(b) It is at variance with the case presented on the pleading by the 1st defendant.
The Court of Appeal was right in granting the respondents cross-appeal as it relates to the land described as being North of the sawmill as the respondent have proved better title to the land than the 2nd appellant/cross respondent from whom the 1st appellant/cross-respondent, derived his title. The decision of the Court of Appeal allowing the appeal in its entirety should be affirmed.
The cross-respondent submitted on this issue that the Court of Appeal was right in accepting the findings of the trial court that there were uncontroverted evidence of PW3 that a member of his family sold the portion of the land in dispute to the 1st defendant which evidence was supported by that of the 1st defendant. This court is urged to dismiss the cross-appeal.
In determining this issue it has to be explained that the claim for title between the plaintiffs/respondents/cross-appellants and the 1st and 2nd defendants/appellants/cross-respondents cover the entire land on which the sawmill of the 1st defendant/appellant/cross-respondent stands, the arrears West and North of the sawmill where the cross-appellants alleged that he trespassed. He averred in his pleadings that he was granted a lease of the land by the 2nd defendant/appellant/cross-respondent and his family the Loduli Ajaka family. The pleadings of the parties will shed more light on the position of the land North of the sawmill which forms the subject matter of this appeal.
The relevant paragraphs of the pleadings of the cross-appellants in the 2nd Amended Statement of Claim as per order of court dated 30th July, 1992 are paragraphs 18-20, which reads in paragraph 18 –
“The plaintiffs say that when they challenged the 1st defendant on his acts of trespass on the plaintiff’s land to the North of land covered by the lease agreement he informed them that the land was conveyed to him by a member of the Akinkugbe family.”
Paragraph 19
“The plaintiffs say that the 1st defendant then proceeded to erect two buildings one of them being used as a Guest House on the said land.”
Paragraph 20
“The plaintiffs say that as a result of the representation made by the 1st defendant that the land was conveyed to him by a member of their family the plaintiffs refrained from taking.
In the evidence of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants before the trial court, the 2nd plaintiff/cross-appellant gave evidence as PW3 and said –
“Early in the 1980, 1981 – 1982 we noticed that the 1st defendant was erecting permanent structures, on the land North of the land we leased to him. I personally went to the land to challenged him. The reply of the 1st defendant was that my immediate junior brother Olabitoye Akinkugbe sold land to him. To avoid misgivings, we let go and allowed the 1st defendant to develop the land. We had allowed matters to rest.”
Vide pages 131 line 20 to 132 line 1.
On page 138 line 31 – 33 the witness further said –
“I challenged him and he replied that it was my younger brother Olabitoye Akinkugbe who sold the plot of land on which he was erecting the building to him. I allowed dead dog to lie – we not evict the 1st defendant.”
Such is the nature of the evidence of the plaintiff/cross-appellants to support a claim for declaration of title. Though the 1st defendant/1st cross-respondent pleaded in paragraph 17 of his Amended Statement of Defence he denied coming to the land through the plaintiffs’ family. In his evidence before this court he revealed that:-
“It was when I was laying the foundation that one Olabitoye, the junior brother of the plaintiffs came to challenge me and asked me to stop the erection of the house saying that the site was part of the land of the Estate of his father granted to him and that he could only allow me to build up the place on condition that I paid him the purchase price of N3,000 which I paid on the spot. It is the brother of the plaintiff who sold the land to me and that Loduti and Ajaka family let the same land to me.”
The lower courts were right to have accepted the foregoing evidence to hold that the land North of the sawmill was already sold by a member of the plaintiffs/cross-appellants family to the 1st cross-respondent. The cross-appellants will in my view be estopped from reclaiming that particular land particularly when they had allowed the 1st cross-respondent to erect two building on the land.
This issue is therefore resolved in favour of the cross-respondent.
In sum there is no substance in the cross-appeal – it therefore fails and is dismissed accordingly. Judgment of the lower court is affirmed.
On the overall, the main appeal and the cross-appeal are unmeritorious. They are consequently dismissed. No order as to costs.
SC.283/2001